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BehaviourUrgency: As soon as possible

Hard brake pedal or loss of brake assistance: causes and the faults that trigger it

A hard brake pedal, which needs much more force to brake, points above all to the brake servo: a damaged diaphragm or a loss of vacuum from a cracked or loose hose or a faulty valve. With the engine off it is normal. The sources consulted ask for the car to be taken to a garage, because braking is poorer and the braking distance increases.[1][2][3][4]

7 documented faults cause it in 6 engines. The most important:

What to do now

As soon as possible

This is a safety risk: drive slowly, leave more distance and take the car to a garage without delay. If the brake is very hard, do not drive.

What it means

The brake pedal goes hard and much more force is needed to stop the car. On turbocharged petrol engines with a vacuum pump, it can be because the pump is not generating vacuum as its oil feed is blocked.

General explanation from MotorFiable. How it shows up in each engine, with sources, is in the list of faults.

113 sourcesHow we work

Most common causes

From most to least likely according to the sources. Under each cause, the part and the related OBD codes.

  1. 1. Cracked or loose vacuum hose

    Common cause

    RACE points out that the vacuum hose running from the intake manifold to the brake servo can crack or come loose and, without vacuum, the brake loses assistance and the pedal goes hard; in its brake servo guide it calls this the most common fault, because the hose cracks over time. Autofácil adds that the non-return valve at the servo's inlet can also stop holding vacuum.[1][2][3]

    Faults with with the brake servo

  2. 2. Brake servo with a split diaphragm

    Common cause

    According to RACE, the servo's internal diaphragm can be damaged. Autofácil explains that an internal fluid leak from the master cylinder can destroy it without any fluid loss being visible outside, and that the servo then works like an unassisted brake.[1][2]

    Faults with with the brake servo

  3. 3. Faulty vacuum pump

    Possible cause

    In diesel engines, which don't generate enough vacuum, a mechanical pump provides it. Autofácil cites broken vacuum pump vanes as a cause of lack of vacuum, and RACE reminds readers that electric cars have an electric vacuum pump.[2][3]

    Faults with with the brake servo

  4. 4. Faulty electric or hydraulic assistance in hybrids and electric cars

    Uncommon

    Autopista says that in hybrids and electric cars the assistance is usually electric because there isn't always vacuum, and that a hard pedal can indicate an assistance problem, a vacuum leak or an electrical fault.[4]

    Faults with with the brake servo

  5. 5. Loss of effectiveness from overheated brakes

    Uncommon

    RACE mentions that prolonged heating can cause brake fade, that is, loss of friction, and that a hard pedal with weak braking can also come from the brake servo.[5]

    Faults with with brake calipers and discs

  6. 6. Something is blocking the pedal

    Uncommon

    RACE reminds readers to rule out objects in the footwell, such as a bottle, a can or a badly fitted floor mat, which limit the pedal's travel.[1]

    Faults with with the brake system

Depending on what you notice

The pedal is hard with the engine off

RACE explains that this is normal: the brake servo needs the engine's vacuum and, if you press the pedal several times with the engine off, the remaining vacuum is used up.[1][3]

I have to press hard and the car brakes less

RACE attributes it to the brake servo, and describes the symptoms as a rigid pedal, more effort needed to brake and longer braking distances than usual.[1][3]

Hard pedal in a hybrid or electric car

Autopista explains that in these cars the assistance is usually electric and that a hard pedal can be an assistance problem, a vacuum leak or an electrical fault; RACE puts the electric pump at around €250 in Spain.[3][4]

My pedal isn't hard but soft or sinks

That is a different problem: RACE links a soft or sinking pedal to air in the circuit or low brake fluid, and Autopista asks for the master cylinder, circuit and possible leaks to be checked.[4][5]

What to check first

  1. Check that the engine is running and that nothing is blocking the pedal (bottles, cans, floor mat): with the engine off, a hard pedal is normal.[1]
  2. Check whether the vacuum hose between the intake manifold and the brake servo is cracked or disconnected.[1][3]
  3. At the garage, measuring the vacuum with a vacuum gauge at the pump, the hose and the servo inlet, and testing the non-return valve, is the sequence Autofácil describes for locating the cause.[2]
  4. If the hose, valve and pump are fine, suspicion moves to the brake servo's internal diaphragm, which means replacing the servo.[2]
  5. Also check the brake fluid level and the condition of the pads and discs, which RACE lists as causes of the car braking less.[5]

Can I keep driving?

Urgency: As soon as possible

No source sets how many kilometres you can drive. RACE says a brake servo fault with a hard pedal and weak braking requires a garage, and Autofácil describes it as an unassisted brake: it brakes, but with much more effort and a longer distance. It is a safety risk, so avoid using the car more than strictly necessary until it is repaired; if the brakes suddenly fail, RACE advises pumping the pedal and using engine braking, without switching off the engine.[1][2][5]

How much it costs to fix

Indicative prices published by the sources cited; they depend on the car and the garage.

RepairPrice
Brake servo on a compact car, according to RACE (part; labour is extra)[3]€350 – €400
Brake servo, figure given by Autofácil[2]€400
Electric vacuum pump on an electric car, according to RACE[3]€250

Documented faults that cause it

Specific engine and gearbox faults, from most to least important (severity × frequency). Below each title, how the symptom shows up in that fault.

  1. Source for the symptom in the 1.2 PureTech[6][7]

  2. Source for the symptom in the 1.2 PureTech[6][8][9]

  3. Source for the symptom in the 1.0 EcoBoost[10]

  4. Source for the symptom in the 1.8 Hybrid[11]

  5. Source for the symptom in the 1.0 T-GDI[12]

  6. Source for the symptom in the Smartstream 1.6 T-GDi[13][14]

  7. Source for the symptom in the BMW M47[15]

Faults elsewhere in the car that cause it

Suspension, brake, electronics and other faults on specific cars, from most to least important.

  1. Source for the symptom in the Kia Sportage IV[16]

  2. Source for the symptom in the Mercedes-Benz Clase E W211[17]

  3. Source for the symptom in the Alfa Romeo MiTo[18]

  4. Source for the symptom in the Alfa Romeo Tonale[19]

  5. Source for the symptom in the Audi e-tron[20][21]

  6. Source for the symptom in the BMW Serie 2 Active Tourer U06[22]

  7. Source for the symptom in the BMW Serie 2 Active Tourer U06[23]

  8. Source for the symptom in the BMW X1 U11[24]

  9. Source for the symptom in the BMW X1 U11[23]

  10. Source for the symptom in the BMW X2 F39[25]

  11. Source for the symptom in the BMW X5 G05[26][27]

  12. Source for the symptom in the BMW X5 G05[23][28]

  13. Source for the symptom in the BMW X6 G06[26][27]

  14. Source for the symptom in the BMW X6 G06[23][28]

  15. Source for the symptom in the BMW X7 G07[26][27]

  16. Source for the symptom in the BMW X7 G07[23][28]

  17. Source for the symptom in the Citroën C3 Aircross I[29]

  18. Source for the symptom in the Citroën C4 Cactus[30]

  19. Source for the symptom in the Citroën C5 Aircross[31]

  20. Source for the symptom in the Fiat Doblò II[32][33]

  21. Source for the symptom in the Fiat Qubo[34][35]

  22. Source for the symptom in the Ford Kuga I[36]

  23. Source for the symptom in the Hyundai i30 III[37]

  24. Source for the symptom in the Hyundai i40[28]

  25. Source for the symptom in the Hyundai ix35[38]

  26. Source for the symptom in the Hyundai Tucson III[39]

  27. Source for the symptom in the Kia Optima IV[28]

  28. Source for the symptom in the Mazda CX-5 I[40]

  29. Source for the symptom in the Mercedes-Benz Clase B W246[41]

  30. Source for the symptom in the Mercedes-Benz Clase M W163[42]

  31. Source for the symptom in the Mercedes-Benz Clase R W251[43]

  32. Source for the symptom in the Mercedes-Benz CLS C219[44][45]

  33. Source for the symptom in the Mercedes-Benz GL X164[46]

  34. Source for the symptom in the Mercedes-Benz GL / GLS X166[46]

  35. Source for the symptom in the Mercedes-Benz GLE V167[28][47]

  36. Source for the symptom in the MINI Cooper J01[48][49]

  37. Source for the symptom in the MINI Countryman U25[48][50]

  38. Source for the symptom in the Opel Combo D[28][51][52]

  39. Source for the symptom in the Opel Crossland[53]

  40. Source for the symptom in the Peugeot 307[54]

  41. Source for the symptom in the Peugeot 407[55]

  42. Source for the symptom in the Saab 9-3[28]

  43. Source for the symptom in the Suzuki S-Cross I[56][57]

  44. Source for the symptom in the Suzuki Swift V[58]

  45. Source for the symptom in the Suzuki Vitara[58]

  46. Source for the symptom in the Toyota Aygo X[59]

  47. Source for the symptom in the Toyota Camry[60]

  48. Source for the symptom in the Toyota GR Supra A90[61]

  49. Source for the symptom in the Toyota Hilux VIII[62]

  50. Source for the symptom in the Volkswagen Passat B6[63]

  51. Source for the symptom in the Volvo C40[64]

  52. Source for the symptom in the Volvo S40 I[65]

  53. Source for the symptom in the Volvo S80 II[66]

  54. Source for the symptom in the Volvo V60 I[67]

  55. Source for the symptom in the Volvo V70 III[66]

  56. Source for the symptom in the Volvo XC40[64]

  57. Source for the symptom in the Volvo XC60 II[64]

  58. Source for the symptom in the Volvo XC70 III[66]

  59. Source for the symptom in the Volvo XC90 II[64]

  60. Source for the symptom in the Audi A7 C7[68]

  61. Source for the symptom in the Audi Q7 4L[69][70]

  62. Source for the symptom in the Citroën C4 I[71]

  63. Source for the symptom in the Hyundai i20 II[12]

  64. Source for the symptom in the Land Rover Discovery 3[28]

  65. Source for the symptom in the Land Rover Range Rover IV[28]

  66. Source for the symptom in the Mercedes-Benz CLA C117[72]

  67. Source for the symptom in the Mitsubishi Lancer[28]

  68. Source for the symptom in the Porsche Macan I[28]

  69. Source for the symptom in the Renault Espace V[73][74]

  70. Source for the symptom in the Renault Talisman[75][76][77][78]

  71. Source for the symptom in the Suzuki Baleno[79]

  72. Source for the symptom in the Toyota RAV4 V[80][81][82]

  73. Source for the symptom in the Volkswagen Arteon[83]

  74. Source for the symptom in the Volvo S40 II[84]

  75. Source for the symptom in the Volvo S80 II[85]

  76. Source for the symptom in the Volvo V40 I[86]

  77. Source for the symptom in the Volvo V50[84]

  78. Source for the symptom in the Volvo V60 II[87]

  79. Source for the symptom in the Volvo V70 III[85]

  80. Source for the symptom in the Volvo XC40[88]

  81. Source for the symptom in the Audi A3 IV[89]

  82. Source for the symptom in the Audi Q5 I[90]

  83. Source for the symptom in the BMW Serie 1 F40[91]

  84. Source for the symptom in the BMW Serie 6 E63/E64[92]

  85. Source for the symptom in the BMW X3 F25[93]

  86. Source for the symptom in the BMW X5 E70[94]

  87. Source for the symptom in the Cupra Formentor[95]

  88. Source for the symptom in the Dacia Duster II[96][97]

  89. Source for the symptom in the Ford C-Max I[98]

  90. Source for the symptom in the Ford Fiesta VIII[99]

  91. Source for the symptom in the Ford Focus II[100]

  92. Source for the symptom in the Ford Puma[101]

  93. Source for the symptom in the Jeep Compass MP[102]

  94. Source for the symptom in the Jeep Renegade[103]

  95. Source for the symptom in the Kia Ceed III[104]

  96. Source for the symptom in the Kia XCeed[105]

  97. Source for the symptom in the Opel Meriva A[106]

  98. Source for the symptom in the Peugeot 4007[28]

  99. Source for the symptom in the Toyota Corolla XII[107]

  100. Source for the symptom in the Toyota Prius IV[108]

  101. Source for the symptom in the Citroën C-Crosser[28]

  102. Source for the symptom in the Dacia Spring[109][110]

  103. Source for the symptom in the Ford Mondeo IV[111]

  104. Source for the symptom in the Nissan Micra IV[112]

  105. Source for the symptom in the Volvo C70 II[113]

Which cars it appears in

These faults affect 6 engines. We have documented 76 models from 14 makes with some of the affected versions: open yours to see all its faults.

Engines

Cars with the affected versions

Hard brake pedal: causes in your car

163 cars have several documented faults that cause this symptom. Choose yours to see only those that affect it, by engine and by year.

Alfa Romeo 2
Audi 5
BMW 15
Citroën 17
Cupra 1
Dacia 2
DS 4
Fiat 2
Ford 16
Hyundai 9
Jeep 3
Kia 9
Land Rover 3
Lexus 1
Mazda 1
Mercedes-Benz 9
MG 1
MINI 2
Mitsubishi 1
Nissan 1
Opel 7
Peugeot 18
Porsche 1
Renault 2
Rover 1
Saab 1
Suzuki 4
Toyota 9
Volkswagen 2
Volvo 14

Hard brake pedal by brand

Fault codes that may go with it

If you have an OBD reader, the code stored by the control unit helps you work out which system is failing.

Frequently asked questions

Is it normal for the brake pedal to be hard with the engine off?

Yes. RACE explains that the brake servo only works with the vacuum from the running engine and that, with the engine off, the pedal feels higher and harder; pressing it repeatedly uses up the vacuum.[1][3]

Can you drive with a hard brake pedal?

The sources give no limit, but they describe it as a fault that reduces assistance and lengthens braking, so RACE asks for a garage and not to drive until it is repaired.[1][3][5]

How much does it cost to fix a brake servo?

RACE gives about €350-400 in Spain for the brake servo of a compact car, plus labour, and Autofácil mentions about €400. If the fault is a vacuum hose the cost will be lower, but none of the sources consulted gives a figure.[2][3]

What do I do if the brakes fail while I'm driving?

RACE advises staying calm, switching on the hazard lights, pumping the pedal hard, changing down to use engine braking and heading for the hard shoulder. It does not recommend switching off the engine, because the steering gets heavier, or yanking the handbrake at speed.[5]

Can a hard pedal be due to the vacuum pump?

Yes in diesel engines: Autofácil cites broken vacuum pump vanes among the causes of lack of vacuum, and RACE explains that diesels depend on a mechanical pump because they don't generate enough vacuum.[2][3]

Other symptoms: behaviour

All symptoms

Has this happened to you? Tell us which fault it was, at how many kilometres and how much you paid: it helps other owners know what to expect. Report your fault.

Sources

Every fact on this page links to its source. If you find an error, let us know.

  1. El pedal de freno está duro, ¿qué ocurre?RACE · Motoring press · published 9 February 2023 · consulted 29 October 2026 · in Spanish
  2. ¿Cómo saber si el sistema de servofreno está averiado?Autofácil · Motoring press · published 7 March 2020 · consulted 29 October 2026 · in Spanish
  3. ¿Qué es el servofreno y por qué es tan importante para tu seguridad?RACE · Motoring press · published 12 April 2021 · consulted 29 October 2026 · in Spanish
  4. Freno de servicio del coche: la pieza clave de tu seguridad que debes entender y cómo funcionaAutopista · Motoring press · published 23 July 2026 · consulted 29 October 2026 · in Spanish
  5. ¿Qué debes hacer si fallan los frenos de tu coche?RACE · Motoring press · published 14 December 2023 · consulted 29 October 2026 · in Spanish
  6. Safety Gate, alerta A12/01505/20: Peugeot 208, 308, 2008, 3008, 5008 y Partner (copia en PDF)Comisión Europea – Safety Gate · Official body · published November 2020 · consulted 26 September 2026
  7. El Grupo PSA llama a revisión a más de 31.000 coches en España por un posible fallo en el servofrenoMotorpasión · Motoring press · published 26 November 2020 · consulted 26 September 2026 · in Spanish
  8. Un mecánico desvela el «último» problema de la correa bañada en aceite del motor PureTech que afecta a los frenosAutofácil · Motoring press · published 14 August 2024 · consulted 26 September 2026 · in Spanish
  9. Peugeot-Citroën-DS-Opel. Nouveau rappel de grande ampleur pour le moteur 1.2 PureTechL'argus · Motoring press · published 28 January 2023 · consulted 26 September 2026 · in French
  10. Self-Clogging Ford Oil Pumps Lead Feds to Investigate 1.0-Liter EcoBoost EnginesThe Drive · Motoring press · consulted 26 September 2026
  11. Toyota Prius 3 : fiabilité, pannes et rappelsFiches-auto.fr · Motoring press · consulted 26 September 2026 · in French
  12. Hyundai i20 (2015-2020): manguera de vacío mal colocada en el 1.0 T-GDI (aviso Safety Gate 24/2026)car-recalls.eu · Other source · published 21 June 2026 · consulted 30 October 2026
  13. Hyundai Tucson (2022-2023): bomba de vacío del servofreno (aviso Safety Gate 16/2025)car-recalls.eu · Other source · published 20 April 2025 · consulted 30 October 2026
  14. Kia Sportage (2022-2023): bomba de vacío dañada por defecto del árbol de levas (aviso Safety Gate 26/2025)car-recalls.eu · Other source · published 30 June 2025 · consulted 30 October 2026
  15. Motor BMW M47: problemas y averíasDasercars · Technical documentation · consulted 27 September 2026 · in Spanish
  16. Rückruf Oktober 2023 Kia SportageAutoflotte · Motoring press · published October 2023 · consulted 26 September 2026 · in German
  17. Fiabilité Mercedes Classe E : pannes et avis (W211, 2002-2008)Fiches-auto.fr · Motoring press · consulted 27 September 2026 · in French
  18. Alfa Romeo Mito – Braking Efficiency May Be Reduced (DVSA R/2012/141)car-recalls.co.uk · Other source · published 4 August 2018 · consulted 5 October 2026
  19. Alfa Romeo Tonale (2022 – 2023): electric failure, wiring (Safety Gate A12/00622/23)car-recalls.eu · Other source · published 31 March 2023 · consulted 9 October 2026
  20. Audi e-tron (2019-2021): recall del servofrenocar-recalls.eu (datos Safety Gate) · Other source · published 3 October 2021 · consulted 9 October 2026
  21. Audi e-tron (2021): recall de la unidad de presión del freno (ABS/ESC)car-recalls.eu (datos Safety Gate) · Other source · published 7 December 2021 · consulted 9 October 2026
  22. BMW y MINI llaman a revisión a 1,5 millones de coches fabricados entre 2022 y 2024 por un posible fallo en los frenosMotorpasión · Motoring press · published 12 September 2024 · consulted 9 October 2026 · in Spanish
  23. Safety Gate: alerta SR/00053/25 (BMW, eje hueco del servomotor del freno)Comisión Europea – Safety Gate · Official body · published 7 January 2025 · consulted 9 October 2026
  24. BMW iX1 (2022–2024) Recall: Braking Systemcar-recalls.eu · Other source · published 29 April 2024 · consulted 9 October 2026
  25. BMW X2 (2022-2024): fallo del sistema de frenos integradoCar-Recalls.eu (alerta Safety Gate 17/2024) · Official body · published 1 October 2024 · consulted 30 October 2026
  26. BMW X7 (2022–2024): recall, brakes, failure (alerta Safety Gate 17/2024; incluye X5 y X6)car-recalls.eu · Other source · published 29 April 2024 · consulted 8 October 2026
  27. Fallo en los frenos de algunos coches BMWOCU · Consumer association · published 26 April 2024 · consulted 8 October 2026 · in Spanish
  28. DVSA – base de llamadas a revisiónDVSA (Reino Unido) · Other source · consulted 8 October 2026
  29. Fiabilité Citroën C3 Aircross (2017-2024) : pannes et rappelsfiches-auto.fr · Technical documentation · consulted 27 September 2026 · in French
  30. Fiabilité Citroën C4 Cactus (2014-2020) : pannes et rappelsfiches-auto.fr · Technical documentation · consulted 27 September 2026 · in French
  31. Fiabilité Citroën C5 Aircross (2018-2025) : pannes et rappelsfiches-auto.fr · Technical documentation · consulted 27 September 2026 · in French
  32. Fiat Doblo: Braking efficiency may be reduced recallAutoInsider · Other source · published 7 December 2012 · consulted 5 October 2026
  33. FIAT DOBLO – BRAKING EFFICIENCY MAY BE REDUCEDCar Recalls UK · Other source · published 3 August 2018 · consulted 5 October 2026
  34. FIAT QUBO – BRAKING EFFICIENCY MAY BE REDUCEDCar Recalls UK · Other source · published 3 August 2018 · consulted 5 October 2026
  35. Fiat Qubo: Braking efficiency may be reduced recallAutoInsider · Other source · published 7 December 2012 · consulted 5 October 2026
  36. Ford Kuga MK1 2008-2012 Probleme und SchwachstellenGebrauchtwagenberater.de · Motoring press · consulted 29 October 2026 · in German
  37. Hyundai i30 (2018 – 2020): tandem pump pre-filtercar-recalls.eu (Safety Gate UE) · Official body · published 14 August 2023 · consulted 31 October 2026
  38. Solider SUV aus Fernost: Der Hyundai ix35 hat selten MängelVolksstimme · General press · published September 2015 · consulted 27 September 2026 · in German
  39. Hyundai Tucson (2018 – 2020): tandem pump pre-filtercar-recalls.eu (Safety Gate UE) · Official body · published 14 August 2023 · consulted 31 October 2026
  40. Mazda CX-5 I (KE) – Typische Probleme & SchwachstellenGebrauchtwagenberater.de · Other source · consulted 27 September 2026 · in German
  41. Gebrauchtwagen-Check: So gut ist die Mercedes B-Klasse W246Gebrauchtwagenberater.de · Motoring press · consulted 27 September 2026 · in German
  42. Mercedes M-Klasse W163 – Typische Probleme & SchwachstellenGebrauchtwagenberater · Motoring press · published 4 June 2023 · consulted 29 October 2026 · in German
  43. Mercedes-Benz R-Class (2005 – 2015): brake booster leakagecar-recalls.eu · Other source · published June 2022 · consulted 5 October 2026
  44. Mercedes CLS (2004-2010): testimonios de averíasfiches-auto.fr · Other source · consulted 5 October 2026 · in French
  45. Sensotronic Brake ControlWikipedia · Other source · consulted 5 October 2026
  46. Mercedes-Benz GL (2004 – 2015): brake booster leakagecar-recalls.eu · Other source · published June 2022 · consulted 5 October 2026
  47. Recall: Mercedes-Benz GLE (2019 - 2023) brakes, EV/Hybridcar-recalls.eu (Safety Gate) · Other source · published 29 January 2024 · consulted 9 October 2026
  48. Safety Gate: alerta SR/00051/25 (MINI Cooper, Countryman y Aceman, eje hueco del servomotor del freno)Comisión Europea – Safety Gate · Official body · published 7 January 2025 · consulted 31 October 2026
  49. Mini Cooper (2023 – 2024) Recall: accident, brakescar-recalls.eu · Other source · published 10 January 2025 · consulted 31 October 2026
  50. Mini Countryman (2023 – 2024) Recall: accident, brakescar-recalls.eu · Other source · published 10 January 2025 · consulted 31 October 2026
  51. Vauxhall Combo recall R/2013/009: reduction in braking performanceAutoInsider · Other source · published 8 February 2013 · consulted 8 October 2026
  52. VAUXHALL COMBO – REDUCTION IN BRAKING PERFORMANCECar Recalls UK · Other source · published 3 August 2018 · consulted 8 October 2026
  53. Fiabilité et pannes de l'Opel Crossland X (2017-2025)Fiches-Auto.fr · Technical documentation · consulted 27 September 2026 · in French
  54. Peugeot 307: typische Probleme und SchwachstellenGebrauchtwagenberater · Motoring press · consulted 27 September 2026 · in German
  55. Peugeot 407 RecallsAutoinsider · Other source · consulted 27 September 2026
  56. Suzuki SX4 S-Cross (2015 – 2022) – Brake booster defectcar-recalls.eu (alerta Safety Gate A12/01781/22) · Other source · published 16 December 2022 · consulted 5 October 2026
  57. Suzuki-Rückruf: Bremskraftverstärker kann ausfallenautoservicepraxis.de · Motoring press · published 20 October 2022 · consulted 5 October 2026 · in German
  58. Suzuki Vitara (2015-2022) - Brake booster vacuum pump valve defectCar Recalls EU · Other source · published December 2022 · consulted 27 September 2026
  59. Toyota Aygo X (2022): recall por el servofreno (22SMD-101)car-recalls.eu · Other source · published 15 November 2022 · consulted 9 October 2026
  60. Toyota Camry (2019): brake booster pump recall (A12/1199/19)car-recalls.eu · Other source · published August 2019 · consulted 5 October 2026
  61. Toyota Supra (2018-2021): brake assistance recallcar-recalls.eu (Safety Gate UE) · Official body · published 6 September 2021 · consulted 29 October 2026
  62. Toyota Hilux (2018-2019): recall por el pistón del servofreno (20SMD-105)car-recalls.eu · Other source · published 20 December 2020 · consulted 9 October 2026
  63. VW Passat B6 – Bekannte Probleme & SchwachstellenGebrauchtwagenberater.de · Motoring press · consulted 27 September 2026 · in German
  64. Volvo ruft Autos wegen Software-Problems zurückBerliner Zeitung (dpa) · General press · published 24 January 2023 · consulted 9 October 2026 · in German
  65. Volvo Car S40 – Brake vacuum pump concern (recall DVSA R/2002/053; S40 y V40 1.9 diésel)car-recalls.co.uk (DVSA, Reino Unido) · Other source · published 14 May 2002 · consulted 5 October 2026
  66. Volvo Car V70 – Reduced braking performancecar-recalls.co.uk (DVSA, Reino Unido) · Other source · consulted 5 October 2026
  67. Volvo V60 (2012 – 2013): brake booster vacuum line recall (alert 40/2012 A12/1474/12)car-recalls.eu (reproduce la alerta de Safety Gate de la UE) · Other source · published 11 October 2012 · consulted 5 October 2026
  68. Audi A7 (2012): aceite en el servofreno (alerta 37/2014)Car-Recalls.eu (a partir de EU Safety Gate) · Other source · published 18 September 2014 · consulted 29 October 2026
  69. Audi Q7 Probleme: alle Mängel & Rückrufe (4L & 4M)CarWiki.de · Other source · consulted 29 October 2026 · in German
  70. Audi Q7 (2012): aceite en el servofreno (alerta 37/2014)Car-Recalls.eu (a partir de EU Safety Gate) · Other source · published 18 September 2014 · consulted 29 October 2026
  71. Probleme mit dem Citroën C4: typische Schwachstellen, Mängel und RückrufeCarWiki · Motoring press · consulted 29 October 2026 · in German
  72. Mercedes CLA W117: Typische Probleme, Mängel & RückrufeGebrauchtwagenberater.de · Motoring press · published 18 September 2024 · consulted 29 October 2026 · in German
  73. Renault Espace (2015–2016): recall for the front flexible brake hosecar-recalls.eu · Other source · published 19 May 2016 · consulted 29 October 2026
  74. Renault Espace (2016): recall for the ABS/ESC hydraulic unitcar-recalls.eu · Other source · published 4 August 2016 · consulted 29 October 2026
  75. Renault Talisman (2015–2016): recall for the front flexible brake hosecar-recalls.eu · Other source · published 19 May 2016 · consulted 29 October 2026
  76. Renault Talisman (2015–2016): recall for the brake caliper/disc combinationcar-recalls.eu · Other source · published 15 June 2017 · consulted 29 October 2026
  77. Renault Talisman (2016): recall for the ABS/ESC hydraulic unitcar-recalls.eu · Other source · published 4 August 2016 · consulted 29 October 2026
  78. Renault Talisman – Typische Probleme & Krankheitengebrauchtwagenberater.de · Motoring press · published 15 January 2023 · consulted 29 October 2026 · in German
  79. Suzuki Baleno (2015-2022): servofreno (Safety Gate 50/2022)car-recalls.eu · Other source · published 16 December 2022 · consulted 29 October 2026 · in Spanish
  80. Toyota RAV4: bekannte Probleme und KrankheitenGebrauchtwagenberater.de · Motoring press · published 28 December 2022 · consulted 29 October 2026 · in German
  81. Toyota RAV4: typische Probleme, Fehler und Schwachstellen (inkl. Rückrufe)CarWiki.de · Motoring press · consulted 29 October 2026 · in German
  82. Toyota RAV4 (2019): bomba del servofreno (alerta 32/2019)car-recalls.eu (Safety Gate UE) · Other source · published 10 August 2019 · consulted 29 October 2026
  83. Tous les problèmes sur Volkswagen Arteon 2017 (28 témoignages)fiches-auto.fr · Other source · consulted 5 October 2026 · in French
  84. Volvo Car V50 – Brakes may not perform adequately (recall DVSA R/2009/052; S80, V70, C30, C70, S40, V50)car-recalls.co.uk (DVSA, Reino Unido) · Other source · published 8 May 2009 · consulted 5 October 2026
  85. Volvo Car V70 – Brakes may not perform adequatelycar-recalls.co.uk (DVSA, Reino Unido) · Other source · consulted 5 October 2026
  86. Volvo Car V40: brake vacuum pump concern (DVSA R/2002/053)car-recalls.co.uk (reproduce DVSA, Reino Unido) · Other source · published 14 May 2002 · consulted 5 October 2026
  87. Volvo V60 Recalls in EU (Safety Gate)car-recalls.eu · Official body · consulted 29 October 2026
  88. Volvo XC40: typische Probleme und Schwachstellengebrauchtwagenberater.de · Reliability study · consulted 27 September 2026 · in German
  89. Used Audi A3 Mk4 (2020-date) buyer's guide: classy used hatchbackAuto Express · Motoring press · consulted 27 September 2026
  90. Audi Q5 (8R): Typische Probleme, Schwachstellen & RückrufeGebrauchtwagenberater.de · Motoring press · consulted 29 October 2026 · in German
  91. BMW 1er F40 – Bekannte Probleme & RückrufeGebrauchtwagenberater.de · Motoring press · published 15 August 2025 · consulted 27 September 2026 · in German
  92. BMW 6er E63, E64: Typische Probleme und SchwachstellenGebrauchtwagenberater.de · Motoring press · consulted 29 October 2026 · in German
  93. BMW X3 F25: Probleme, Rückrufe und KaufberatungGebrauchtwagenberater.de · Motoring press · published 20 July 2026 · consulted 29 October 2026 · in German
  94. BMW X5 E70 (2006-2013): Probleme & SchwachstellenGebrauchtwagenberater.de · Motoring press · published 5 January 2023 · consulted 29 October 2026 · in German
  95. Used Cupra Formentor (Mk1, 2020-date) buyer's guide: stylish and family-friendlyAuto Express · Motoring press · consulted 27 September 2026
  96. Dacia Duster II TÜV-Check: Schwächen & Preisefirmenauto · Reliability study · published 24 January 2026 · consulted 30 October 2026 · in German
  97. Gebrauchter Dacia Duster: Schwachstellen, Mängel, Stärken (TÜV-Report 2026)AUTO BILD · Reliability study · published 14 May 2026 · consulted 30 October 2026 · in German
  98. Ford C-Max MK1 (2003 – 2010): Probleme & Schwachstellengebrauchtwagenberater.de · Other source · published 5 February 2023 · consulted 27 September 2026 · in German
  99. Used Ford Fiesta (Mk7, 2017-2023) buyers guide: a solid second-hand superminiAuto Express · Motoring press · published 26 June 2026 · consulted 27 September 2026
  100. Ford Focus MK2 – Typische Probleme & Schwachstellengebrauchtwagenberater.de · Other source · published 8 March 2025 · consulted 27 September 2026 · in German
  101. Ford Puma (2025) brake drum recallcar-recalls.eu · Other source · published January 2026 · consulted 27 September 2026
  102. Jeep Compass : fiabilité, pannes et rappelsFiches-auto.fr · Motoring press · consulted 27 September 2026 · in French
  103. Jeep Renegade (2019): pinzas de freno agrietadas (Safety Gate 12/2020)car-recalls.eu · Official body · consulted 30 October 2026
  104. Kia Ceed III: Bekannte Probleme & RückrufeGebrauchtwagenberater.de · Motoring press · published September 2025 · consulted 27 September 2026 · in German
  105. Tous les problèmes sur Kia XCeedFiches-auto.fr · Reliability study · consulted 27 September 2026 · in French
  106. Fiabilité Opel Meriva (pannes recensées par les propriétaires)fiches-auto.fr · Reliability study · consulted 27 September 2026 · in French
  107. Toyota Corolla (2023-2024): control de estabilidad y presión de frenadaCar-recalls.eu · Other source · published December 2024 · consulted 27 September 2026
  108. Toyota Prius (2019): motor de la bomba del servofreno defectuosoCar-recalls.eu · Other source · published August 2019 · consulted 27 September 2026
  109. Tous les problèmes sur Dacia Spring 2021 (73 témoignages)Fiches-auto.fr · Motoring press · consulted 27 September 2026 · in French
  110. Dacia Spring Probleme | Mängel, Krankheiten & SchwachstellenCarWiki.de · Motoring press · consulted 30 October 2026 · in German
  111. Ford Mondeo MK4 (2007-2014): Typische Probleme & Krankheitengebrauchtwagenberater.de · Other source · published 6 May 2025 · consulted 27 September 2026 · in German
  112. Nissan Micra: Probleme, Schwachstellen und RückrufeGebrauchtwagenberater.de · Motoring press · consulted 29 October 2026 · in German
  113. Volvo Car C70: brakes may not perform adequately (R/2009/052)car-recalls.co.uk (DVSA, Reino Unido) · Other source · consulted 29 October 2026