Deep metallic engine knock: which faults cause it?

The most important among the documented faults: oil-bath timing belt degradation, in the 1.2 PureTech; rear timing chain stretch and breakage, in the BMW N47; timing chain stretch and tensioner failure, in the OM651 and the 1.3 Multijet; intake swirl flap breakage (swirl flaps), in the BMW M47; timing chain stretch, in the 2.0 Ingenium diésel; wear and seizure of the big-end bearings, in the 1.5 dCi; excessive oil consumption and engine failure, in the 1.2 TCe; MHSG belt tensioner and crankshaft pulley failure (48V mild hybrid), in the 1.6 CRDi.

NoisesUrgency: As soon as possible

Deep metallic engine knock: causes and the faults that trigger it

A deep, low knock that rises with revs or load points to play in the big-end or main bearings, and is the engine noise that most urgently needs attention. If the knock is higher-pitched and quicker, at the top of the engine, it may be something harmless like hydraulic tappets on a cold start. If in doubt, check the oil level, switch off the engine if the noise is severe or the oil pressure warning light comes on, and call assistance.^[1][2][3]

39 documented faults cause it in 36 engines. The most important:

Critical severity: Oil-bath timing belt degradation · 1.2 PureTech
Critical severity: Rear timing chain stretch and breakage · BMW N47
Critical severity: Timing chain stretch and tensioner failure · OM651 and 1.3 Multijet

What to do now

As soon as possible

Switch the engine off and do not drive on. Carrying on can snap a connecting rod and leave the engine beyond repair.

What it means

A deep knock that gets louder with engine speed usually points to internal damage, such as big-end bearings worn through lack of lubrication. It is one of the most serious faults an engine can have.

General explanation from MotorFiable. How it shows up in each engine, with sources, is in the list of faults.

Reviewed on 30 October 202657 sources How we work

Most common causes

From most to least likely according to the sources. Under each cause, the part and the related OBD codes.

1. Play in the big-end or main bearings (rod knock)
Common cause
Todoaditivos describes a deep, low knock that increases when accelerating, caused by play in the crankshaft bearings, and singles it out as the one that most urgently needs attention: continuing to drive worsens the damage quickly. RACE (Spain's motoring club) includes connecting rods and pistons among the parts whose play gives an ever-louder rattle and warns that the fault can end up seizing the engine.^[1][2]
Faults with with the big-end bearings and pistons
2. Lack of lubrication: low or degraded oil or insufficient pressure
Common cause
RACE links these faults to lack of lubrication from loss of oil pressure, and reminds us that an engine without oil ends up seizing; with the red oil warning light the engine must be stopped. Todoaditivos recommends checking the oil level before anything else.^[2][3]
Faults with with oil leaks Faults with with oil consumption Faults with with the big-end bearings and pistons
3. Stretched timing chain or tensioner without pressure
Possible cause
Todoaditivos describes a dry rattle, like a loose chain, which, if permanent, indicates a chain or tensioner at its limit; RACE includes the timing chain among the parts whose play gives a rattle and Diariomotor places the jingle of a stretched chain at around 1,500 rpm.^[1][2][4]
Faults with with the timing chain
4. Hydraulic tappets and valves with play
Possible cause
Todoaditivos speaks of a fast metallic ticking at the top of the engine that is normal if it disappears within seconds, and which, if it takes longer and longer, may be due to sludge blocking the passages; RACE lists the valves among the parts with play that cause a rattle.^[1][2]
5. Worn pistons and rings
Uncommon
RACE cites the rings and pistons among the parts that, with play, produce a growing rattle in the engine.^[2]
Faults with with the big-end bearings and pistons
6. Normal diesel engine noise
Possible cause
RACE explains that the characteristic diesel rattle (slower combustion than in petrol) is not always a fault: it depends on the type and intensity, and is only a concern if it is striking and grows over time.^[2]

Depending on what you notice

Deep, low knock that rises when accelerating

Todoaditivos associates it with play in the big-end or main bearings, not a passing lubrication problem, and says it is a concern whenever it increases with load or when accelerating. It recommends going to the garage without delay and stopping the engine if the oil pressure warning light also comes on.^[1]

Knocking with the red oil warning light on

RACE says that a red oil light means low pressure and that the engine must be stopped immediately, as long as it is safe to do so, because otherwise it will end up seizing; it adds that without lubrication the metal parts rub with a very unpleasant noise and vibration.^[3]

Rattle or ticking only on a cold start

Todoaditivos explains that a noise that appears when cold and disappears as it warms up is usually a lubrication noise (tappets or tensioner that take a few seconds to fill with oil); if it continues with the engine warm, it is not normal. If it lasts a couple of seconds and doesn't get worse, it is enough to keep an eye on it.^[1]

My diesel rattles at idle

RACE points out that a certain noise is typical of diesels, but that an excessive rattle that grows over time indicates play between moving parts; in that case it advises stopping the car as soon as possible even if no warning light is on.^[2]

Metallic jingle that gets worse around 1,500 rpm

Diariomotor cites it as one of the most reliable indicators of a stretched timing chain, along with excessive vibration and metal particles in the oil.^[4]

What to check first

Stop the engine as soon as it is safe and check the oil level with the dipstick on level ground and with the engine cold or stopped for a few minutes; it is the first step recommended by Todoaditivos and RACE.^[1][3]
Look at the oil pressure warning light (red): if it is on along with the knocking, don't start the engine again and call assistance.^[1][3]
Note when it makes the noise: only when cold and for a few seconds (probably tappets or tensioner), or with the engine warm and growing with load and revs (much more serious).^[1][2]
Look for oil leaks on the ground or blue smoke, signs that the engine is losing or burning oil, according to RACE.^[3]
Ask for a diagnosis at a garage (stethoscope, oil pressure, condition of the oil and filter, measurement of clearances) before spending on repairs; damage to the connecting rods usually requires opening up the engine.^[1][2]

Can I keep driving?

Urgency: As soon as possible

If the knocking is severe, rises with revs or load, or comes with the red oil warning light, don't keep driving: Todoaditivos warns that driving on worsens the damage quickly and RACE that the engine may end up seizing. RACE advises stopping the car as soon as possible in the face of a striking rattle, even with no warning light, and calling assistance. A ticking only when cold that goes away in a few seconds can usually be monitored, according to Todoaditivos.^[1][2][3]

Documented faults that cause it

Specific engine and gearbox faults, from most to least important (severity × frequency). Below each title, how the symptom shows up in that fault.

- Critical severityFrequency: Very frequent1.2 PureTechOil-bath timing belt degradationAbnormal metallic noises from the engine.Repair (garage): €400–€800
Source for the symptom in the 1.2 PureTech^[5]
- Critical severityFrequency: Very frequentBMW N47Rear timing chain stretch and breakageIf the breakage has damaged pistons or valves, a serious internal knocking appears, which makes it inadvisable to keep driving.Repair (garage): €1,590–€3,000Appears at around 50,000 km
Source for the symptom in the BMW N47^[4]
- Critical severityFrequency: Very frequentOM651Timing chain stretch and tensioner failureIn the worst cases, if the chain jumps or comes off, there is internal knocking and major engine damage.Repair (garage): €2,000–€3,500Appears at around 120,000 km
Source for the symptom in the OM651^[6][7]
- Critical severityFrequency: Very frequentBMW M47Intake swirl flap breakage (swirl flaps)If the remains of a broken flap enter the cylinder, a serious internal knocking noise may appear, which makes it inadvisable to keep driving.
Source for the symptom in the BMW M47^[8]
- Critical severityFrequency: Very frequent2.0 Ingenium diéselTiming chain stretchIn the most serious cases, if the chain jumps teeth, internal knocking and damage to pistons or valves appear, forcing an engine replacement.Repair (garage): €4,000–€7,000Appears at around 90,000 km
Source for the symptom in the 2.0 Ingenium diésel^[9][10]
- Critical severityFrequency: Common1.5 dCiWear and seizure of the big-end bearingsA dull knocking that follows the engine speed and gets worse when hot; according to fiches-auto, it indicates that failure is near.
Source for the symptom in the 1.5 dCi^[11]
- Critical severityFrequency: Common1.2 TCeExcessive oil consumption and engine failureAbnormal engine noises in the most advanced cases.Repair: €5,000–€10,000
Source for the symptom in the 1.2 TCe^[12][13][14]
- Critical severityFrequency: Common1.3 MultijetTiming chain stretch and tensioner failureA deeper knocking noise may indicate that the lack of oil pressure has already worn the bearings or camshaft.Repair (garage): €350–€550Appears at around 70,000 km
Source for the symptom in the 1.3 Multijet^[15]
- Critical severityFrequency: Common1.6 CRDiMHSG belt tensioner and crankshaft pulley failure (48V mild hybrid)Internal noises and loss of performance if the crankshaft and camshafts have already lost synchronisation.
Source for the symptom in the 1.6 CRDi^[16]
- Critical severityFrequency: CommonBMW N43/N46Wear and breakage of the timing chain guidesIf a guide breaks, its fragments can block the oil pump strainer and leave the engine without lubrication, with the resulting risk of seizure.
Source for the symptom in the BMW N43/N46^[17]
- Critical severityFrequency: CommonMZR-CDTiming chain stretch on the 2.2 MZR-CDIf the noise is ignored, the chain can jump teeth or break and damage the engine internally.
Source for the symptom in the MZR-CD^[18]
- Critical severityFrequency: CommonM271Timing chain stretch and wear of the camshaft sprocketsIf the chain jumps teeth, serious internal engine damage can result.
Source for the symptom in the M271^[19]
- Critical severityFrequency: Common1.9 dCiSeizure and wear of the big-end bearingsA dull metallic knocking that follows engine speed and worsens when hot usually precedes the failure.
Source for the symptom in the 1.9 dCi^[20]
- Critical severityFrequency: Common1.9 TDIBig-end bearing failureA heavy metallic knock from the engine block usually precedes the bearing failure, according to the catastrophic failure cases recorded in several models.Appears at around 138,000 km
Source for the symptom in the 1.9 TDI^[21][22]
- High severityFrequency: Very frequent1.2 PureTechExcessive oil consumption from carbon on the piston rings or oil separator failureKnocking or pre-ignition from carbon built up in the combustion chamber.
Source for the symptom in the 1.2 PureTech^[23][24]
- High severityFrequency: Common2.0 Ingenium diéselBalance shaft bearing wearIn the most advanced cases, the wear can lead to major engine damage if it is not corrected in time.
Source for the symptom in the 2.0 Ingenium diésel^[25]
- Critical severityFrequency: Occasional1.6 / 2.2 i-DTECDiesel injector wear or failureMetallic knocking that varies with acceleration, described by several owners as an injector noise.Appears at around 70,000 km
Source for the symptom in the 1.6 / 2.2 i-DTEC^[26]
- Critical severityFrequency: Occasional1.6 GDI / T-GDILow-speed pre-ignition and connecting rod damage in the 1.6 T-GDI (documented in the US)A metallic knock or rattle that worsens with engine speed, described by several owners as 'rod knock'.Appears at around 100,000 km
Source for the symptom in the 1.6 GDI / T-GDI^[27][28][29]
- Critical severityFrequency: Occasional2.0 / 2.4 GDI and T-GDI (Theta II)Premature connecting rod bearing wearAbnormal knocking noises from the engine: one of the two symptoms the German press cites when explaining Kia's campaign.
Source for the symptom in the 2.0 / 2.4 GDI and T-GDI (Theta II)^[30]
- Critical severityFrequency: OccasionalTDV6 / SDV6Crankshaft breakage and spinning main bearing shellsA deep knock or rumble from the bottom of the engine, worse under load and when cold.
Source for the symptom in the TDV6 / SDV6^[31][32]
- Critical severityFrequency: OccasionalSkyactiv-DOil pump chain breakage and camshaft wearA metallic knock that increases with revs can indicate that the camshaft or bearings are already damaged by lack of lubrication.
Source for the symptom in the Skyactiv-D^[33]
- Critical severityFrequency: OccasionalM270/M274Camshaft breakage due to a defective weld (2015 units)In the most serious cases, the camshaft breaking causes internal damage and abnormal engine noises.
Source for the symptom in the M270/M274^[34][35]
- Critical severityFrequency: OccasionalPorsche V8 and V6 (Cayenne and Panamera)Cylinder bore scoring in the Cayenne 4.5 V8 blockPiston noise or slap; Car Mechanics advises paying attention to engine knocking on the 955 V8 engines.
Source for the symptom in the Porsche V8 and V6 (Cayenne and Panamera)^[36][37]
- Critical severityFrequency: Occasional2.0 dCiTiming chain wear or breakageIn the most advanced cases, serious knocking if the chain has jumped teeth and the valves have hit the pistons.
Source for the symptom in the 2.0 dCi^[38]
- Critical severityFrequency: Occasional2.2 dCi and 3.0 dCi V6Big-end bearing failure in the 2.2 dCi (G9T)A metallic knocking from the block is the typical symptom of a worn big-end bearing; forums cite it in 2.2 dCi cases before the failure.
Source for the symptom in the 2.2 dCi and 3.0 dCi V6^[39][40]
- Critical severityFrequency: Occasional3.0 TDI V6Camshaft breakage on the EA897 evo (CRT and CZV)Knocking or ticking noises clearly louder than the normal ones of a diesel; a specialist must tell them apart from chain rattle.
Source for the symptom in the 3.0 TDI V6^[41]
- Medium severityFrequency: Very frequent2.0 HDiPremature dual-mass flywheel wear (from 107/110 hp)Knocking or a metallic noise that changes with the revs.
Source for the symptom in the 2.0 HDi^[42]
- High severityFrequency: Occasional2.0 / 2.4 i-VTECCamshaft wear and pitting on the 2.0 K20 (Accord VII, CR-V II, Civic)A knocking or rattling noise, most noticeable when revving up.
Source for the symptom in the 2.0 / 2.4 i-VTEC^[43]
- High severityFrequency: Occasional2.2 i-CTDiDiesel injector failure or wearA metallic knocking that varies with acceleration is one of the symptoms owners describe when the final diagnosis is an injector.Appears at around 86,000 km
Source for the symptom in the 2.2 i-CTDi^[44]
- High severityFrequency: OccasionalM112 / M113Crankshaft pulley (vibration damper) failureRattling or metallic knocking in the engine bay, which usually signals that the pulley is loose or damaged.
Source for the symptom in the M112 / M113^[45][46]
- High severityFrequency: Occasional2.5 TDI R5Camshaft and hydraulic tappet wearKnocking noise from the top of the engine and rough idle from cam and follower wear.
Source for the symptom in the 2.5 TDI R5^[47]
- Critical severityFrequency: Rare1.6 GDI / T-GDIPiston and connecting rod damage from catalytic converter overheating in the naturally aspirated 1.6 GDIA knock if the damage already affects the piston or connecting rod.
Source for the symptom in the 1.6 GDI / T-GDI^[48]
- Medium severityFrequency: Occasional1.6 DIG-TTiming chain wear and noiseA knocking or rattling that increases with revs in the most advanced cases.
Source for the symptom in the 1.6 DIG-T^[49]
- Medium severityFrequency: Occasional2.0 16v F4R and F4RTFaulty camshaft variable valve timing pulleyDiesel-like metallic rattle at idle or when warm, sometimes with no fault code stored.
Source for the symptom in the 2.0 16v F4R and F4RT^[50][51]
- Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalSubaru bóxerImprecise injectors and sooty EGR valve on the EE20 dieselKnocking noises, like "pinking", from injectors working imprecisely, according to AUTO BILD.
Source for the symptom in the Subaru bóxer^[52]
- High severityFrequency: RareOM656Faulty roller rocker arms and Camtronic solenoid valve failuresUneven idle and clicking noises while driving when the camshaft is worn, according to MBpassion.
Source for the symptom in the OM656^[53]
- High severityFrequency: Rare1.8/2.2 DI-DBalance shaft failure on the Outlander's 2.2 DI-DEngine knocking is the symptom the source we consulted records for these cases.
Source for the symptom in the 1.8/2.2 DI-D^[54]
- Medium severityFrequency: Rare2.2 HDiDual-mass flywheel wear, less frequent than on other HDi enginesKnocking or metallic noise that changes with revs.
Source for the symptom in the 2.2 HDi^[55]
- Low severityFrequency: OccasionalBMW N52 / N53N52 hydraulic lifter noiseClicking or rattling, especially when cold.
Source for the symptom in the BMW N52 / N53^[56][57]

Which cars it appears in

These faults affect 36 engines. We have documented 268 models from 32 makes with some of the affected versions: open yours to see all its faults.

Engines

Cars with the affected versions

Alfa Romeo

Alfa Romeo MiToEngine: 1.3 MultijetYears: 2008–2018

Audi

BMW

See all BMW models

Citroën

See all Citroën models

Dacia

DS

Fiat

Ford

Honda

See all Honda models

Hyundai

See all Hyundai models

Infiniti

Jaguar

Jeep

Jeep AvengerEngine: 1.2 PureTechYears: since 2023

Kia

See all Kia models

Lancia

Land Rover

See all Land Rover models

Mazda

Mercedes-Benz

See all Mercedes-Benz models

MINI

Mitsubishi

Porsche

Renault

See all Renault models

Seat

Škoda

Subaru

Suzuki

Toyota

Toyota ProAce CityEngine: 1.2 PureTechYears: 2019–2025

Volkswagen

See all Volkswagen models

Volvo

Engine knock: causes in your car

268 cars have several documented faults that cause this symptom. Choose yours to see only those that affect it, by engine and by year.

Alfa Romeo 1

Alfa Romeo MiTo

Audi 7

BMW 12

Citroën 21

Dacia 5

DS 4

Fiat 8

Ford 4

Honda 10

Hyundai 9

Infiniti 2

Jaguar 6

Jeep 1

Jeep Avenger

Kia 9

Lancia 2

Land Rover 13

Mazda 7

Mercedes-Benz 37

MINI 3

Mitsubishi 2

Nissan 9

Opel 10

Peugeot 22

Porsche 2

Renault 24

Seat 6

Škoda 4

Subaru 7

Suzuki 5

Toyota 1

Toyota ProAce City

Volkswagen 10

Volvo 5

Engine knock by brand

Fault codes that may go with it

If you have an OBD reader, the code stored by the control unit helps you work out which system is failing.

Frequently asked questions

What is rod knock?

Todoaditivos describes it as a deep, low knock that rises when accelerating, caused by play in the big-end or main bearings, that is, in the crankshaft supports. It is not a simple one-off lubrication problem.^[1]

Can I keep driving with the engine knocking?

The sources say no. Todoaditivos warns that driving on worsens the damage quickly, and RACE recommends stopping the car as soon as possible and calling assistance, even if no warning light comes on.^[1][2]

Does adding oil stop the knocking?

If the engine was short of oil, restoring the level is the first thing Todoaditivos and RACE recommend, but if the knocking comes from play in the bearings the noise will continue and the engine has to be checked at a garage.^[1][3]

Is it normal for my diesel engine to make noise?

RACE explains that a diesel sounds rougher because of its slower combustion and that this noise doesn't imply a fault; it is a concern if it is striking and grows over time, which indicates play between parts.^[2]

Why does it only make a noise when I start it cold?

Todoaditivos attributes it to tappets or timing tensioner that take a few seconds to fill with oil; it is normal if it disappears quickly, and should be checked if it lasts longer or if the noise persists with the engine warm.^[1]

Will an engine that knocks pass the MOT?

None of the sources consulted deals with the inspection (the ITV in Spain, equivalent to the MOT) for this noise. In any case, it isn't advisable to drive with a severe knock, and a repair of this kind is done before taking the car for inspection.^[1][2]

Other symptoms: noises

All symptoms

Has this happened to you? Tell us which fault it was, at how many kilometres and how much you paid: it helps other owners know what to expect. Report your fault.

Sources

Every fact on this page links to its source. If you find an error, let us know.

El motor hace ruido en frío: qué es cada ruido y cuál preocupaTodoaditivos · Other source · consulted 29 October 2026 · in Spanish
¿El motor diésel de tu coche emite un ruido y un traqueteo?RACE · Motoring press · published 22 June 2023 · consulted 29 October 2026 · in Spanish
¿Qué pasa si el coche se queda sin aceite?RACE · Motoring press · published 26 August 2020 · consulted 29 October 2026 · in Spanish
Las graves (y costosas) averías que puede causar en tu coche la rotura de la cadena de distribuciónDiariomotor · Motoring press · published 17 July 2020 · consulted 29 October 2026 · in Spanish
1.2 PureTech: precio y cambio de correa de distribuciónAutopista · Motoring press · published 2 August 2026 · consulted 26 September 2026 · in Spanish
Mercedes-Rückruf: Wieder Probleme mit dem OM651-DieselmotorAutoservicepraxis · Motoring press · published 12 January 2015 · consulted 26 September 2026 · in German
Mercedes OM651: Typische Probleme und HaltbarkeitGebrauchtwagenberater · Motoring press · consulted 26 September 2026 · in German
BMW M47Wikipedia (inglés) · Other source · consulted 27 September 2026
Fiabilité Jaguar XE, pannes et témoignagesFiches-auto.fr · Owners' forum · consulted 27 September 2026 · in French
Fiabilité Jaguar F-Pace, pannes et témoignagesFiches-auto.fr · Owners' forum · consulted 27 September 2026 · in French
Bruit de cliquetis - claquement : les causesFiches-auto.fr · Motoring press · published 6 November 2025 · consulted 26 September 2026 · in French
Moteur 1.2 Renault - 400 000 voitures en dangerUFC-Que Choisir (Que Choisir Ensemble) · Consumer association · published 24 May 2019 · consulted 26 September 2026 · in French
Problème moteur Renault-Dacia 1.2 TCe, Nissan 1.2 DIG-T et Mercedes - Vos questions, nos réponsesUFC-Que Choisir (Que Choisir Ensemble) · Consumer association · published 24 May 2019 · consulted 26 September 2026 · in French
Renault 1.2 TCe et Nissan 1.2 DIG-T : des moteurs gourmands en huileL'argus · Motoring press · published 12 October 2016 · consulted 26 September 2026 · in French
Fiat 1.3 JTD/Multijet: corrente folgada e entupimento dos canais de lubrificaçãoProvmec · Technical documentation · consulted 26 September 2026 · in Portuguese
Kia / Hyundai 1.6 CRDi MHEV Engine FailuresDOHC (especialista en reconstrucción de motores) · Technical documentation · consulted 26 September 2026
BMW N43Wikipedia (inglés) · Other source · consulted 27 September 2026
Mazda 6 II: Bekannte Probleme und Schwachstellengebrauchtwagenberater.de · Motoring press · consulted 27 September 2026 · in German
Mercedes M271: Typische Probleme und HaltbarkeitGebrauchtwagenberater · Motoring press · consulted 27 September 2026 · in German
Renault Mégane II (2002 – 2009): Probleme & SchwachstellenGebrauchtwagenberater.de · Motoring press · consulted 27 September 2026 · in German
Tous les problèmes sur Volkswagen Golf Vfiches-auto.fr · Motoring press · consulted 27 September 2026 · in French
Tous les problèmes sur Škoda Octavia (1997-2004)fiches-auto.fr · Motoring press · consulted 27 September 2026 · in French
Fiabilité du 1.2 PuretechFiches-auto.fr · Motoring press · consulted 26 September 2026 · in French
Moteur 1.2 PureTech Stellantis. Changement d'huile pour le trois-cylindres essenceL'argus · Motoring press · published 13 February 2024 · consulted 26 September 2026 · in French
Jaguar Land Rover's Four-Cylinder Ingenium Engine Is Still Giving Its Maker HeadachesAOL · Motoring press · published 10 August 2026 · consulted 27 September 2026
Fiabilité et pannes Honda Civic (2012-2017)Fiches-auto.fr · Other source · consulted 27 September 2026 · in French
Complaints by vehicle: Hyundai Veloster, model year 2013NHTSA · Official body · consulted 27 September 2026
Complaints by vehicle: Hyundai Tucson, model year 2016NHTSA · Official body · consulted 27 September 2026
Hyundai Veloster problemsCarComplaints.com · Owners' forum · consulted 27 September 2026
Kia-Rückruf: Pleuellager zu schwachauto motor und sport · Motoring press · published 29 September 2023 · consulted 8 October 2026 · in German
Land Rover Discovery TDV6 engine failures making headlinesLandyOnline · Other source · published October 2015 · consulted 5 October 2026
Land Rover & Jaguar SDV6/TDV6 Crankshaft RepairJLR Engines · Technical documentation · consulted 5 October 2026
Fiabilité Mazda 6 (2012-2022)Fiches-auto.fr · Motoring press · consulted 27 September 2026 · in French
Mercedes M274: Typische Probleme & HaltbarkeitGebrauchtwagenberater · Motoring press · consulted 27 September 2026 · in German
Mercedes M270: Typische Probleme & HaltbarkeitGebrauchtwagenberater · Motoring press · consulted 27 September 2026 · in German
Alusil (aleación de aluminio y silicio para cilindros)Wikipedia (inglés) · Other source · consulted 9 October 2026
Buying, owning, improving the Porsche Cayenne 958Car Mechanics · Motoring press · published 24 September 2025 · consulted 9 October 2026
Fiabilité Renault Espace 4 : pannes et avisFiches-auto.fr · Motoring press · consulted 27 September 2026 · in French
Laguna II : remplacement préventif coussinet de bielle 2.2 dCiPlanèteRenault (foro) · Owners' forum · consulted 5 October 2026 · in French
Avantime : casse moteur 2.2 dCiPlanèteRenault (foro) · Owners' forum · consulted 5 October 2026 · in French
Informationen zu den Audi Nockenwellen Problemen am 3.0 TDI (CRT & CZV) Motor im A4, A5, A6, A7 sowie dem Q5 & Q7CarWiki.de · Other source · consulted 9 October 2026 · in German
Fiabilité du 2.0 HDIFiches-Auto · Motoring press · consulted 27 September 2026 · in French
Honda: czy warto zainteresować się modelem z silnikiem 2.0 K20Auto Świat · Motoring press · consulted 30 October 2026 · in another language
Fiabilité et pannes Honda Civic (2006-2011)Fiches-auto.fr · Other source · consulted 27 September 2026 · in French
Mercedes M-Klasse W163: Typische Probleme & SchwachstellenGebrauchtwagenberater · Motoring press · published 4 June 2023 · consulted 8 October 2026 · in German
Mercedes E-Klasse W211, S211: Probleme & SchwachstellenGebrauchtwagenberater · Motoring press · published 12 February 2024 · consulted 8 October 2026 · in German
Common VW 2.5 TDI PD Problems & IssuesTorque Cars · Technical documentation · consulted 5 October 2026
Recall 19V120000 - Kia Soul (catalytic converter overheating / piston and rod damage)NHTSA · Official body · published 2019 · consulted 27 September 2026
Avis moteur Nissan Qashqai 2 1.6 163 chFiches-auto.fr · Owners' forum · consulted 27 September 2026 · in French
Fiabilité occasion Renault Mégane II (2002-2009)CarVerif · Other source · consulted 5 October 2026 · in French
Mégane II distribution poulie déphasagePlanète Renault (foro) · Owners' forum · consulted 5 October 2026 · in French
Subaru XV I im Gebrauchtwagen-Test: «Vorsicht vor dem Boxer-Diesel!»AUTO BILD · Motoring press · published 17 December 2019 · consulted 9 October 2026 · in German
Mercedes OM656 Diesel: Häufige Probleme, Ursachen & Tipps zur Vermeidung von MotorschädenMBpassion · Motoring press · published 19 February 2026 · consulted 9 October 2026 · in German
Mitsubishi Outlander: bekannte Probleme und MängelGebrauchtwagenberater.de · Motoring press · consulted 27 September 2026 · in German
Essai, avis et fiabilité des 2,2 HDI 136 chevauxFiches-Auto · Motoring press · consulted 27 September 2026 · in French
BMW N52 Engine ProblemsBMW Tuning · Other source · consulted 5 October 2026
These BMW N52 Years Have The Most ProblemsJalopnik · General press · consulted 5 October 2026