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Problems with the injectors: symptoms, cost and affected models

We have documented 57 faults with the injectors in 54 engines, affecting 446 models of car in our database. The most important by severity and frequency: delphi piezo injector failure (220/250 CDI) (OM651), N53 piezoelectric injector failure (BMW N52 / N53) and oil dilution from leaking injector seals and DPF regenerations (MZR-CD). At an independent garage, the repair costs from €80 to €5,900 depending on the engine or car.[1][2]

Documented faults
57
19 of high or critical severity
Engines
54
with at least one fault on this part
Affected models
446
car generations in our database
Garage repair
€80–€5,900
Depending on engine and car, including VAT

14 sourcesHow we work

How it works and why it fails

Injectors

Injectors spray fuel into the cylinder (direct injection) or into the intake, at very high pressures on common rail diesels. They wear out, lose their seal or get clogged with carbon, and some specific injector models have documented failures.

What to do

Uneven idle, jerking, black smoke, hard starting, a smell of diesel or the engine warning light are the usual symptoms. A workshop can measure the return flow or the corrections for each injector before replacing them: sometimes one is enough, and in other cases it is worth replacing the washers and cleaning the seats too.

General explanation by MotorFiable. The specific faults of each engine and car, with their sources, are on the linked pages.

Common symptoms

The symptoms that come up most often in the documented faults with the injectors. Open each one to see what other faults cause it.

Problems with the injectors by engine

From most to least important (severity × frequency). Each page details the affected versions and years, symptoms, cost and how to check for it.

  1. 1High severityFrequency: Very frequentOM651Delphi piezo injector failure (220/250 CDI)Yes: 220 and 250 CDI models built between 2008 and 2011 had Delphi piezo injectors that were prone to failing and seizing in the cylinder head. Mercedes-Benz replaced them under warranty in 2009 and switched the 220 CDI to solenoid injectors from 2010-2011, but the 250 CDI kept them.Repair (garage): €3,600–€5,900
  2. 2High severityFrequency: CommonBMW N52 / N53N53 piezoelectric injector failureThe N53's piezoelectric direct injectors fail frequently and cause misfires, rough idle and limp mode; replacing them is expensive and they must be coded.
  3. 3High severityFrequency: CommonMZR-CDOil dilution from leaking injector seals and DPF regenerationsOn the 2.0 and 2.2 MZR-CD, injector seals that age badly and incomplete particulate filter regenerations on short journeys can let unburnt diesel into the sump, diluting the oil and leaving the engine with less lubrication.
  4. 4High severityFrequency: CommonOM642Wear and failure of the Bosch piezo injectorsThe OM642's Bosch piezo injectors can fail from around 150,000-200,000 km, especially with poor-quality diesel; they cannot be repaired, only replaced. Because it is a V engine, those on the rear bank are harder to reach, which pushes up labour costs.Repair: €4,500–€6,500
  5. 5High severityFrequency: Common2.2 CDI (OM646)Injector seal leak with carbonisation around the seatYes: the copper washer that seals each injector can harden and let combustion gases through, forming a black crust of carbon around it. It is a known fault on Mercedes CDI diesels of this era, with injectors described as fragile on both the OM611 and the OM646.
  6. 6High severityFrequency: Common2.2/2.5 dCiInjection pump or injector failureThe 2.2 dCi's common rail injectors fail fairly often on the X-Trail and Almera, with cases of seizing and leaks; on the Almera with the older YD22DDT, the documented fault is in the injection pump electronics, not the injectors.
  7. 7High severityFrequency: Common1.9 dCiFailures of the Delphi direct-injection injectorsThe Delphi injectors on the 1.9 dCi give trouble with some regularity, a weak point that gebrauchtwagenberater.de and planeterenault document as typical of direct-injection diesels of that era.
  8. 8Critical severityFrequency: Occasional1.5 EcoBoostFuel leak from cracked injectors, with a fire risk (Kuga Dragon)Yes: Ford has recalled the Kuga with the three-cylinder 1.5 EcoBoost because a high-pressure injector can crack and release fuel onto the engine, with a fire risk. The broadest campaign, 25S76 (2026), covers units built between 2018 and 2024.
  9. 9Critical severityFrequency: Occasional1.6 / 2.2 i-DTECDiesel injector wear or failureThe i-DTEC's common-rail piezoelectric injectors can start to knock or fail with wear, especially from 70,000-170,000 km; in one documented case in the Honda CR-V, a seized injector ended up damaging the engine.Appears at around 70,000 km
  10. 10Medium severityFrequency: Very frequent1.4 HDiInjectors that lose their seal and let diesel escapeThe most cited weak point of the 1.4 HDi is its injectors: over time they can lose their seal and let diesel escape, which is usually noticed as a smell of diesel in the car. It appears in the two most common outputs (68 and 70 hp) and in both cases it is identified as the engine's main weakness.
  11. 11High severityFrequency: Occasional2.0 TDIHigh-pressure pump, injectors and diesel leaks on the EA189On the 2.0 TDI EA189, the high-pressure pump can shed metal particles that force the pump and injectors to be replaced. In addition, 2009-2011 units were recalled for diesel leaks from the high-pressure pipes.
  12. 12High severityFrequency: Occasional1.3 MultijetInjector and high-pressure pump wear from contaminated fuelThe Bosch injectors and the high-pressure pump of the common rail system are sensitive to poor-quality fuel or fuel with condensed water. With contaminated diesel they can generate metal shavings that damage first the pump and then the injectors themselves.Repair (garage): €600–€1,200
  13. 13High severityFrequency: Occasional1.6 CRDiFuel pressure regulator and injectors sensitive to diesel qualityThe common-rail pressure regulator can seize and bleed off too much fuel, which makes starting difficult; the system works at a high pressure (around 1,600 bar) that makes it sensitive to poor-quality diesel, and the injectors need individual coding if they are replaced.
  14. 14High severityFrequency: Occasional2.2 i-CTDiDiesel injector failure or wearThe 2.2 i-CTDi's common-rail injectors can fail or lose their seal with wear, with cases documented between 86,000 and 190,000 km on the Civic and Accord; the documentation is sparser than for the dual-mass flywheel or the turbo.Appears at around 86,000 km
  15. 15High severityFrequency: Occasional1.7 CRDiInjectors that lose calibration with mileageThe 1.7 CRDi's common rail injectors can lose their factory calibration with mileage or because of poor-quality diesel, causing vibration at idle and black smoke from the exhaust; the unburned fuel that ends up diluting the oil also means oil change intervals need to be shortened.Repair (garage): €80–€350
  16. 16High severityFrequency: Occasional2.0 DTI and 2.2 DTIVP44 injection pump and air mass meter failureGerman Wikipedia documents recurring failures of the Bosch VP44 injection pump and the air mass meter in the early years of this engine. An owner testimony for this engine describes the pump being replaced at 192,500 km, at a cost the owner calls «prohibitive».
  17. 17High severityFrequency: Occasional2.0 BlueHDiInjector and high-pressure pump wearThe injectors and the high-pressure pump on the 2.0 BlueHDi are among the documented faults, although in a minority of the cases recorded compared with AdBlue or the DPF. When the pump fails, metal particles can contaminate the whole circuit and make the repair far more expensive.
  18. 18High severityFrequency: Occasional2.2 HDiPiezo injector wear and failureThe 2.2 HDi uses third-generation common-rail injection with piezo injectors at up to 1,800-2,000 bar. Fiches-auto documents injector cases across several power outputs, without it being the most repeated fault, with symptoms of hard starting, jerking or higher fuel consumption.
  19. 19High severityFrequency: Occasional1.9 TDIUnit injector tappet wear and injector wiring damageOn the unit injector system, the tappets that operate the injectors can wear if the oil is not changed on time, and the injector wiring can be damaged by contact with oil, causing misfires or loss of power.
  20. 20High severityFrequency: Occasional3.0 TDI V6Injector wear (needle seat) and injection faultsGerman guides point to wear of the needle seat of the 3.0 TDI injectors: they stop closing properly, diesel drips into the cylinder and dilutes the oil. Smoke from the exhaust can be the warning, and reports on the 313 hp twin-turbo repeat injection faults.
  21. 21Medium severityFrequency: Common1.6 HDiLeaks at the injector washers and carbon build-up in the cylinder headIt is common for the copper washers of the 1.6 HDi injectors to stop sealing: the engine blows gases, carbon forms around the injector and soot gets into the oil. It is cheap to repair, but if left it contaminates the oil and is one of the causes of turbo failure.Repair (garage): €110–€310
  22. 22Medium severityFrequency: Common1.6 HDiJerking and injection faults on the 1.6 e-HDi 112/115 (Continental injectors)The 112 and 115 hp 1.6 HDi/e-HDi built between late 2011 and February 2014 can jerk and turn on the engine warning light because of an internal electrical defect in their Continental injectors. PSA covered their replacement depending on age and mileage.
  23. 23Medium severityFrequency: CommonOM651Injector seal leak and carbon build-up around the seat ("black death")The copper washer that seals each injector can start letting combustion gases past and form a crust of carbon around the injector, known as "black death". Caught in time, it is fixed with a new washer; if left, the injector can end up seized in the cylinder head.
  24. 24Medium severityFrequency: CommonBMW M47Blocked and seized injectorsOver the miles, carbon builds up around the M47's injector seats and can seize them; a German used-car guide adds that the high-pressure pump on the first common rail units (before the first facelift) is relatively prone to failure.
  25. 25Medium severityFrequency: CommonBMW N43/N46Injector, ignition coil and NOx sensor failures (N43)On the direct-injection BMW N43, failures of the injectors, ignition coils (mainly in 2007-2008 units, now rare after a BMW service action) and the NOx sensor of its lean-burn combustion have been documented. The indirect-injection N46 does not have that sensor and does not suffer these failures.
  26. 26Medium severityFrequency: CommonBMW N54/N55N54 piezoelectric injector failureThe N54's piezoelectric injectors can clog or leak and cause intermittent misfires. The N55 has solenoid injectors, so it does not share this weak point.
  27. 27Medium severityFrequency: Common1.8 TDCiDelphi injector failure (leaks, cracks or poor spray pattern)The 1.8 TDCi's Delphi injectors can crack, drip or spray diesel poorly over time, causing hard starting, smoke and jerking. It is a recurring fault, documented from 45,000 km in the Focus and up to 130,000 km in the Mondeo.Appears at around 45,000 km
  28. 28Medium severityFrequency: CommonMZR-CDCarbon on the injectors, EGR valve and intakeUrban use and short journeys encourage carbon to build up on the injectors, EGR valve and intake of the MZR-CD, with loss of power and jerking; documented on the Mazda6 and Mazda3, on both the 2.0 and the 2.2.
  29. 29Medium severityFrequency: CommonSkyactiv-DCarbon build-up in the intake, EGR and injectorsUrban use and short journeys encourage carbon build-up in the intake manifold, EGR valve and injectors of the Skyactiv-D, with loss of power and uneven running; it is documented on the CX-5, the Mazda6, the Mazda3, the CX-3 and the CX-30.
  30. 30Medium severityFrequency: Common2.0 CDTISoot build-up in the injectors and EGR valveLike many diesels of its generation, the 2.0 CDTI builds up soot in the injectors and the EGR valve, especially on short journeys and in town. An injector replacement has been documented in an Insignia from 105,000 km, and faulty injectors are also cited in an Astra J.
  31. 31Medium severityFrequency: Common2.0 dCiInjector failureThe 2.0 dCi injectors can fail in isolated cases, with documented cases in the Espace IV (81 reports), Laguna III (13) and Koleos (5); the most cited symptom is loss of power and, in the Laguna III, a case of fuel leakage with the engine fault risk warning light on.
  32. 32Medium severityFrequency: Common1.4 D-4DInjector wear and failureYes: the common-rail injectors on the 1.4 D-4D are documented as failing on the Yaris, Auris and MINI One D, with symptoms of jerking, noise and the engine warning light on; one source describes the problem as "chronic" on the MINI One D's engine.
  33. 33Medium severityFrequency: Common2.0/2.2 D-4DInjector wear and failureYes: the common-rail injectors fail frequently in this family, with cases documented from 30,000 km and repairs ranging from €800 (one injector) to €1,900 (several) according to the owners consulted.Appears at around 30,000 km
  34. 34Medium severityFrequency: Common2.5 TDI R5Leaks and play in the unit injectorsThe unit injectors (Pumpe-Düse) on the 2.5 TDI are fixed on one side only in the cylinder head and over time seat badly; they can lose their seal and let diesel into the oil. There is a specific repair kit.
  35. 35Medium severityFrequency: Occasional1.5 dCiInjector and injector seal failuresThe 1.5 dCi injectors, or their seals, can fail early, especially on the 110 hp, causing rough running, jerking or hard starting. Replacing the affected injector is usually enough; Caradisiac still reports cases on the Kadjar and Duster II.
  36. 36Medium severityFrequency: Occasional1.3 TCeUnstable idle, juddering and stalling caused by the injectorsOn 1.3 TCe/DIG-T engines built before April 2019, the injector seal may be missing or its housing incorrectly sized, which causes an unstable idle, juddering and stalling. Renault-Nissan corrected it at the factory in 2019; the repair involves replacing injectors or, in serious cases, the cylinder head.
  37. 37Medium severityFrequency: Occasional1.6 dCiInjector failuresThe 1.6 dCi injectors can fail individually or, in more serious cases, several at once: fiches-auto documents 6 cases in the Espace V and one failed injector with loss of power on the motorway in a Kadjar.Repair (garage): €250–€1,700
  38. 38Medium severityFrequency: Occasional1.6 and 2.0 MultiJet IIInjector faults and DPF particulate sensor failureIn some batches, a fault in the injection system or in the DPF particulate sensor turns on the engine fault warning light. In the Fiat Doblò, worn injectors or injectors with poor atomisation are also cited as a cause of power loss, higher consumption and black smoke when accelerating.
  39. 39Medium severityFrequency: Occasional2.3 MultiJetLeaking or underperforming common-rail injectorsThere are signs of leaking or underperforming injectors on the 2.3: a French sheet on the Daily IV cites leaks at the injector wells and a 2021 British campaign for the 2016-2019 Daily replaces the filter and checks the injectors. Reliable statistics are lacking and there is no campaign for the Ducato.
  40. 40Medium severityFrequency: Occasional2.4 JTD / JTDm MultijetInjector failure and diesel leaks on the 2.4 JTDmThere are injector failures on the 2.4 JTDm: 9 mentions in 163 testimonies for the Alfa 156 and 159. A 2008 210 hp lost five injectors one after another at 93,000 km, with diesel leaks, and Fiat's 2007 action on the 200 hp replaced all the injectors.
  41. 41Medium severityFrequency: Occasional2.2 / 2.4 / 3.2 TDCi (Puma)Faulty injectors on the 2.2 and 2.4 TDCiHaynes documents faulty injectors on the 115 hp Transit 2.2 and the 140 hp 2.4, and L'argus reports an injector recall on the 2014-2015 Boxer and Jumper 2.2 HDi. They cause rough idle, loss of power or stalling.
  42. 42Medium severityFrequency: Occasional1.0 T-GDICarbon build-up on the intake valves and coking of the injectorsThe direct injection on the 1.0 T-GDI does not wash the intake valves with fuel, so over the kilometres carbon builds up on them and on the injectors. It causes loss of power, jerking and higher fuel consumption; it is fixed by cleaning the manifold and valves, without damaging the engine.
  43. 43Medium severityFrequency: Occasional1.1 and 1.4 CRDiCarbon build-up on the common-rail injectorsThe common-rail injectors on the 1.1 and 1.4 CRDi accumulate carbon deposits with urban use and short trips, which can make cold starting harder and cause jerking; German buying guides cite it as typical wear, not as a design fault specific to the engine.
  44. 44Medium severityFrequency: Occasional2.0 CRDi (D4EA)Carbon build-up in the common-rail injectors with town drivingThe common-rail injectors of the 2.0 CRDi D4EA can build up carbon with town driving and short journeys, making cold starting harder; it is documented for the Hyundai Tucson I and it is reasonable to expect it in the other cars with this engine.
  45. 45Medium severityFrequency: Occasional2.0 CDI (OM640)Carbon build-up in the injectorsYes, although with fewer cases than the EGR: the OM640's injectors can build up soot with use, which a specialist German source describes as a cause of expensive repairs. Owner testimonies place it as a secondary problem compared with the EGR or the Autotronic gearbox.
  46. 46Medium severityFrequency: Occasional1.8/2.2 DI-DSoot fouling of injectors and EGR valveOccasional: at high mileage, the common-rail injectors and EGR valve on the 1.8/2.2 DI-D can become fouled with soot, with jerking, loss of power and the engine warning light as the most commonly cited symptoms.
  47. 47Medium severityFrequency: Occasional1.7 CDTISoot fouling of the injectors and EGR valveThis engine's EGR valve tends to clog with soot, according to a German buying guide focused on the Meriva A; there are also accounts of misadjusted or faulty injectors from 100,000 km on the Meriva and Astra with this engine.
  48. 48Medium severityFrequency: Occasional2.2 dCi and 3.0 dCi V6Blocked EGR valve and turbo and injector faults on the 2.2 dCi (G9T)On the 150 hp 2.2 dCi, forums frequently cite a blocked EGR valve, turbo failures between 80,000 and 140,000 km (according to one forum) and seized injectors; L'argus confirms that carbon build-up affects dCi engines in general. These are mid-cost faults that do not usually destroy the engine.
  49. 49Medium severityFrequency: Occasional2.3 dCi (M9T)Faulty injectors on the 2.3 dCiSome 2.3 dCi engines show the "injection problem" warning and go into limp mode, sometimes at low mileage. One source indicates between €400 and €1,800 for the repair.Repair (garage): €400–€1,800
  50. 50Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalSubaru bóxerImprecise injectors and sooty EGR valve on the EE20 dieselThe EE20's Denso injectors can work imprecisely and produce a knocking noise, and soot in the injectors and EGR valve can lead to expensive repairs; AUTO BILD cites 500-800 euros per injector in Germany.
  51. 51Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalVM Motori 2.8 and 3.0 CRDWear of the injectors and the high-pressure pumpThe injectors and common-rail pump of the 2.8 and the 3.0 V6 CRD can wear with the years: the sources place it between 120,000 and 180,000 km and describe it as loss of power or limp mode, not a widespread failure.Repair (garage): €800–€1,400Appears at around 120,000 km
  52. 52Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalDrive-E gasolinaCarbon build-up on injectors and intake valves due to direct injectionYes: as with other direct-injection engines, the Drive-E's injectors and intake valves accumulate carbon over time, with possible loss of power and rough idling. Two used-car analyses (Volvo XC40 and V90) flag it as a known weak point of this engine.
  53. 53Low severityFrequency: CommonBMW N13Carbon build-up on direct injection injectorsYes: being direct injection, the N13 can build up carbon on the injectors over time, with loss of power and higher consumption. Gebrauchtwagenberater.de places this problem on almost the whole Prince family, apart from PSA's naturally aspirated EP6/EP6C variants.
  54. 54Low severityFrequency: CommonSkyactiv-GCarbon build-up in the intake manifold and injectorsLike almost any direct-injection petrol engine, the Skyactiv-G accumulates carbon on the intake valves over the miles and can foul the injectors, with loss of power and a rough idle; gebrauchtwagenberater.de documents it on the Mazda2, Mazda3, CX-3, CX-30 and CX-5.
  55. 55Medium severityFrequency: Rare1.5 / 2.0 EcoBlueEmissions system warnings (AdBlue/EGR) and injector wearOn the Ford Focus IV and Kuga III, generations that now only use EcoBlue, some owners report, occasionally (not in the majority), AdBlue system warnings or injector failures. It is a small sample, and we have not found that Ford has announced a campaign of its own for the EcoBlue for this reason.
  56. 56Low severityFrequency: OccasionalBMW B38 / B37Carbon build-up on the B38's intake valves and injectorsAs a direct-injection engine, the B38 builds up carbon deposits on the intake valves and injectors, like other direct-injection petrol engines. The German press cites it as the point to watch in an otherwise trouble-free engine, and it is noticed mainly on short journeys.
  57. 57Low severityFrequency: Rare1.0 TSI / 1.5 TSILeaking injectors on the 1.0 TSI (2020 recall)In 2020 Volkswagen, Seat and Škoda recalled around 9,200 cars with three-cylinder TSI engines from the 2018–2020 model years: their injectors could drip petrol into the chamber after the engine was switched off and exceed emission limits. The injectors are replaced.

Engines with faults with the injectors

Injectors: compare prices in shops

Search for the part using the make, model and engine of your car: in the shop, the registration plate or VIN filters the parts that fit.

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Problems with the injectors by make

Problems with the injectors in your car

122 cars have several documented faults with the injectors. Choose yours to see only the ones that affect them, by engine and by year.

Alfa Romeo 1
Audi 2
BMW 5
Citroën 8
DS 3
Fiat 4
Ford 12
Honda 1
Hyundai 6
Infiniti 2
Kia 7
Mazda 13
Mercedes-Benz 16
Nissan 4
Opel 3
Peugeot 10
Renault 11
Seat 2
Škoda 1
Toyota 2
Volkswagen 7
Volvo 2

How much it costs to repair a fault with the injectors

Sorted from the most expensive repair to the cheapest. Prices in Spain including VAT (parts and labour); what each figure includes is on its page.

How we calculate costs · The most expensive repairs across all engines

OBD fault codes with the injectors

The codes the ECU usually stores when this part fails: what they mean, causes and what to check.

Frequently asked questions

Which engines have the most faults with the injectors?

By severity and frequency, the OM651 (delphi piezo injector failure (220/250 CDI), high severity), the MZR-CD (oil dilution from leaking injector seals and DPF regenerations, high severity), the BMW N52 / N53 (N53 piezoelectric injector failure, high severity), the OM642 (wear and failure of the Bosch piezo injectors, high severity), the 2.2 CDI (OM646) (injector seal leak with carbonisation around the seat, high severity) and the 2.2/2.5 dCi (injection pump or injector failure, high severity). In total we have documented 54 engines with faults with the injectors.

How much does it cost to repair a fault with the injectors?

It depends a lot on the engine or car. At an independent garage, from €80 to €5,900; at a dealer, from €180 to €6,500, including VAT, based on the 8 faults with a documented cost. The most expensive is wear and failure of the Bosch piezo injectors (OM642).

What symptoms does a fault with the injectors cause?

The most frequently cited in the documented faults: engine fault warning light (check engine), jerking or juddering when accelerating, gradual loss of power, hard starting or engine will not start, black smoke when accelerating and increase in fuel consumption.

Sources

Every fact on this page links to its source. If you find an error, let us know.

  1. Hyundai iX35 1.7 Crdi Problemas | Fallos y averías más frecuentesTotalRenting · Other source · consulted 27 September 2026 · in Spanish
  2. Mercedes OM651 : injecteurs, chaîne, fiabilitéAutoCopilot · Motoring press · published 2026 · consulted 26 September 2026 · in French
  3. Mercedes OM642 : fiabilité, pannes fréquentes et coûts d'entretienAutoCopilot · Motoring press · published 2026 · consulted 26 September 2026 · in French
  4. Sprinter Injector Problems (OM651, OM642 & CDI)Sprinterpedia · Motoring press · consulted 26 September 2026
  5. Renault Master III 2.3 dCi 130: fiabilité, pannes et coûtsCarverif · Other source · consulted 5 October 2026 · in French
  6. Detecta así la avería en los inyectores y ahorra 1.000 €Autopista · Motoring press · published 21 March 2024 · consulted 27 September 2026 · in Spanish
  7. Las 10 averías del coche más caras en 2026: cuánto cuesta cada reparaciónMotorpoint · Motoring press · published 2026 · consulted 27 September 2026 · in Spanish
  8. Problemas Jeep Wrangler 2.8 CRDTotal Renting · Other source · consulted 8 October 2026 · in Spanish
  9. Problemas Jeep Grand Cherokee 3.0 CRDTotal Renting · Other source · consulted 8 October 2026 · in Spanish
  10. Fiat 1.3 Multijet: problemas, fallos y averías más frecuentesTotalrenting · Other source · consulted 26 September 2026 · in Spanish
  11. Changer les joints d'injecteurs 1.6 HDI : procédure et étapesInjecteurland · Technical documentation · published 23 January 2026 · consulted 26 September 2026 · in French
  12. ¿Cuál es el precio de la mano de obra en los talleres de las 10 marcas más vendidas en España?km77 · Motoring press · published 30 December 2024 · consulted 26 September 2026 · in Spanish
  13. La doble tarifa de la mano de obra en los talleres españoles: lo que dice su tablón vs. lo que realmente ingresanInfotaller · Motoring press · published June 2026 · consulted 26 September 2026 · in Spanish
  14. ¿Estás cobrando lo justo en tu taller? Así está la mano de obra por hora en 2025Infotaller · Motoring press · published 9 September 2025 · consulted 26 September 2026 · in Spanish