Cars with the most steering problems
Ranking of the cars we have analysed by the severity and frequency of their documented steering faults. Each fault links to its page: symptoms, cost, how to check it and sources.
Of the 522 cars we have analysed, 186 have documented steering faults. The one with the most accumulated risk is the Fiat Ducato III, because of “oil leak from the high-pressure hydraulic power steering pipe (2023 units)”; it is followed by the Mercedes-Benz Clase V W447 and the Mercedes-Benz Vito W447. For 336 we have found no documented steering faults.
- Critical severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringOil leak from the high-pressure hydraulic power steering pipe (2023 units)Yes: Fiat recalled Ducatos built between 20 March and 12 October 2023 (17,818 units worldwide) because the high-pressure power steering pipe can leak oil. That reduces the assistance and the oil can drip onto the exhaust, with a risk of fire.
- High severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringSteering rack with insufficient lubrication: steering getting heavier (2006-2007 units)Yes: in 2007 Ducatos built between July 2006 and June 2007 were recalled because lubricant was missing between the steering rack and pinion, which could make the steering wheel harder to turn and damage the teeth of the rack. The figures are from the British DVSA.
- Critical severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringCorrosion of the aluminium bolts on the power steering housing with loss of assistanceYes: a 2019 campaign covers V-Class and Vito models from 2013 to 2016 (166,573 vehicles worldwide, 74,634 in Germany) because aluminium bolts in the power steering can corrode and cause a loss of assistance. The workshop replaces them with steel bolts and treats the steering housing with wax.
- High severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringFaulty fixing of the steering wheel height adjustment that can give way in a frontal crash (November 2023 to March 2024)Yes: Safety Gate alert 7/2025 (SR/00601/25) covers V-Class, EQV, Vito and eVito models built between 10 November 2023 and 13 March 2024 because the steering wheel height adjustment may not be properly secured and could give way in a frontal crash, which would worsen the driver's injuries.
- Critical severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringCorrosion of the aluminium power steering bolts with loss of assistanceYes: a campaign covering 166,573 Vito and V-Class vehicles from 2013 to 2016 (74,634 in Germany) corrects aluminium power steering bolts that can corrode and cause a loss of assistance. They are replaced with steel bolts and the steering box is treated with wax.
- High severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringDefective steering wheel height adjustment mounting that may give way in a frontal crash (November 2023 to March 2024)Yes: Vito, V-Class, EQV and eVito vehicles built between 10 November 2023 and 13 March 2024 may have a badly secured steering wheel height adjustment, which in a frontal crash might not withstand the impact and worsen the driver's injuries (Safety Gate, alert 7/2025).
- Critical severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringPoorly tightened steering wheel retaining boltTwo separate campaigns (2003 and 2013) cover Micra III cars in which the bolt that secures the steering wheel to the steering shaft may not be properly tightened, with a risk of the steering wheel becoming loose or coming off.
- High severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringElectric power steering failureElectric power steering is one of the most frequently cited weak points of the Micra III: the assist motor, the torque sensor or the control unit can fail, leaving the steering heavier or causing intermittent loss of assistance.
- Critical severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringSteering shaft to steering box joint poorly tightened on the Nissan NV400 (2016-2017)Yes: Nissan recalled NV400s built between 12 May 2016 and 6 June 2017 because the joint between the steering shaft and the steering box might not be properly bolted, with a risk of losing steering control. In the United Kingdom the manufacturer advised not driving them until repaired.
- High severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringThe NV400 instrument cluster with PREM3 equipment may not warn of a steering fault (2017)According to the British DVSA, in some PREM3 variant NV400s built between March and November 2017 the warning light did not come on when there was a steering fault, because of an incorrect software configuration of the instrument cluster. It is fixed with a software update.
- Critical severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringSteering intermediate shaft not tightened properly on the Movano B (2015–2017): risk of losing steering controlYes: Opel recalled Movano B vans built between 2015 and 2017 because the steering intermediate shaft could be insufficiently tightened and come away from the steering rack, causing loss of steering control. In the United Kingdom, the manufacturer advised owners of affected vehicles not to drive them until they had been repaired.
- High severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringThe Movano B's instrument cluster may not warn of a power steering pump failure (2017–2018)According to the British DVSA, on some Movano B vans of model years 2017 and 2018 the instrument cluster did not show a warning if the power steering pump failed, because of an incorrect calibration file. The fix is to load a new calibration file into the cluster.
- Critical severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringSteering column cover not tightened properly: risk of losing steering (2016-2017)A campaign notified in the EU in April 2018 affects Masters built between 12 May 2016 and 26 June 2017: the steering column cover may not be properly tightened and, in the worst case, could cause the vehicle to lose steering.
- High severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringNo warning on the dashboard if the electric power steering pump fails (2017)A campaign notified in the EU in October 2018 affects Master IIIs built between March and November 2017: the instrument cluster parameters do not match and, if the electric power steering pump unit fails, no warning lights up, which could cause an accident.
- Critical severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringOuter ball joint pin breakage that can cause loss of steering controlA German buying guide reports that, according to the KBA, under extreme driving conditions the outer ball joint pin on XC90s from 2003 to 2006 can break and cause the car to lose the ability to steer. It lists this among the model's recalls; we have not found the official notice.
- High severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringPower steering hose badly secured or touching the fan: oil leak and loss of assistanceThe XC90 I had several recalls over the power steering hose. A 2015 European alert (A12/0885/15) covers cars built between September 2008 and October 2009, because of rubbing against the fan. A German guide adds the five-cylinder diesels from 2009-2010 and those from 2010-2011.
- Critical severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringLoss of steering from the pinion cover bolt (2008-2009 campaigns)In 2008 and 2009 Nissan recalled X-Trail T31s in the UK over the steering rack: a bolt on the pinion cover could work loose, causing noise in the steering and, in the worst case, loss of control.
- Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringPlay in steering and suspension joints (TÜV)CarWiki.de, drawing on TÜV inspections, reports that the X-Trail T31 suffers worn joints with play, for example in the steering, with expensive repairs, along with lighting defects.
- Medium severityFrequency: RareSteeringElectric power steering ECU failure (2011-2012 campaign)A 2011-2012 campaign covers 2,693 X-Trails in the UK built between August 2010 and August 2011: the heat sink of the electric power steering ECU could fail and suddenly cut the assistance.
- Critical severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringRisk of the steering intermediate shaft breakingYes: in 2014 Opel recalled around 8,000 Corsa D and Adam cars built from May 2014 because the steering intermediate shaft could break and cause a total loss of control of the steering wheel; the brand itself asked owners not to drive the car until it had been checked.
- Critical severityFrequency: RareSteeringManufacturing deviation in the steering rack teethIn 2015 Opel recalled Corsa D and Adam cars from the 2015-2016 production years because a manufacturing deviation in the steering rack teeth could cause it to break, with a risk of a road accident.
- High severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringWater ingress into the Volvo S80's electro-hydraulic power steering pumpIn 2011 Volvo recalled (R/2011/053 in the UK) a batch of V70 and S80 cars because water could get into the electro-hydraulic power steering pump and affect its operation: warnings may appear and, in extreme cases, the engine could stall or the assistance fail. The remedy is to replace the pump.
- High severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringVolvo S80 upper power steering return hose: it can come loose and leak fluidIn 2011 Volvo recalled (R/2011/094 in the UK) a batch of S80, V70, V60 and S60 cars because the upper power steering return hose could come loose and leak fluid onto the road and into the engine bay, with heavier steering. The remedy is to replace the hose.
- High severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringWater ingress into the Volvo V70's electro-hydraulic power steering pumpIn 2011 Volvo recalled (R/2011/053 in the UK) a batch of V70 and S80 cars because water could get into the electro-hydraulic power steering pump and affect its operation: warnings may appear and, in extreme cases, the engine could stall or the assistance fail. The remedy is to replace the pump.
- High severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringVolvo V70 upper power steering return hose: it can come loose and leak fluidIn 2011 Volvo recalled (R/2011/094 in the UK) a batch of S80, V70, V60 and S60 cars because the upper power steering return hose could come loose and leak fluid onto the road and into the engine bay, with heavier steering. The remedy is to replace the hose.
- High severityFrequency: OccasionalSteeringIncorrect steering geometry calibration (2019-2020 production)Yes: a May 2020 campaign (ref. r2020165) covers vehicles built between 12 September 2019 and 18 March 2020 because of an incorrect calibration of the steering geometry.
- Critical severityFrequency: RareSteeringIncorrectly fitted steering column clamp (July 2018 production)Yes: a January 2019 campaign (ref. r2019009) covers vehicles built between 4 and 12 July 2018 because of an incorrectly fitted clamp on the universal joint of the steering column, with a risk to steering control. Peugeot registered an equivalent campaign (r2019010) for the 208 with the same build dates.
- Medium severityFrequency: RareSteeringSteering column bearing out of specification (January 2018 production)A July 2018 campaign (ref. r2018197) covers vehicles built between 11 and 22 January 2018 because of a steering column bearing that did not meet the factory specification.
- Rank 51Opel Astra H · 1 steering fault7.1 out of 10
- Rank 52Opel Frontera · 1 steering fault7.1 out of 10
- Rank 53Peugeot 2008 I · 1 steering fault7.1 out of 10
- Rank 54Peugeot 207 · 1 steering fault7.1 out of 10
- Rank 55Seat Tarraco · 1 steering fault7.1 out of 10
- Rank 56Škoda Kodiaq I · 1 steering fault7.1 out of 10
- Rank 57Suzuki SX4 · 1 steering fault7.1 out of 10
- Rank 58Toyota ProAce II · 1 steering fault7.1 out of 10
- Rank 59Toyota Urban Cruiser · 1 steering fault7.1 out of 10
- Rank 60Volkswagen Amarok I · 1 steering fault7.1 out of 10
- Rank 61Volkswagen Caddy III · 1 steering fault7.1 out of 10
- Rank 62Volkswagen Caddy V · 1 steering fault7.1 out of 10
- Rank 63Volkswagen T-Roc · 1 steering fault7.1 out of 10
- Rank 64Volkswagen Touareg II · 1 steering fault7.1 out of 10
- Rank 65Volkswagen Touareg III · 1 steering fault7.1 out of 10
- Rank 66Volkswagen Touran II · 1 steering fault7.1 out of 10
- Rank 67BMW X3 F25 · 2 steering faults7.1 out of 10
- Rank 68Mercedes-Benz Clase C W205 · 2 steering faults7.3 out of 10
- Rank 69Peugeot Rifter · 2 steering faults7.3 out of 10
- Rank 70BMW Serie 1 F20 · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 71Abarth 500 · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 72Alfa Romeo 166 · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 73Alfa Romeo MiTo · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 74Audi A4 B5 · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 75BMW Serie 3 F30 · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 76BMW X5 F15 · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 77Citroën C3 Aircross II · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 78Citroën C3 IV · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 79Citroën C3 Picasso · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 80Dacia Duster II · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 81Dacia Lodgy · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 82Dacia Sandero II · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 83Hyundai i20 I · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 84Infiniti Q50 · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 85Jaguar XF I · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 86Kia Ceed II · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 87Kia Sportage IV · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 88Mazda CX-60 · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 89Mercedes-Benz Clase M W163 · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 90Opel Astra G · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 91Opel Combo D · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 92Opel Combo E · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 93Peugeot 2008 II · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 94Renault Laguna III · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 95Renault Modus · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 96Toyota Aygo I · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 97Toyota Verso-S · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 98Volkswagen ID. Buzz · 1 steering fault7.9 out of 10
- Rank 99Fiat Panda II · 2 steering faults7.9 out of 10
- Rank 100Suzuki Swift IV · 2 steering faults7.9 out of 10
- Rank 101Kia Picanto II · 2 steering faults8.0 out of 10
- Rank 102Mitsubishi Colt VI · 2 steering faults8.0 out of 10
- Rank 103BMW X1 E84 · 2 steering faults8.4 out of 10
- Rank 104Audi A3 III · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 105Audi A4 B7 · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 106BMW Serie 6 E63/E64 · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 107BMW X1 F48 · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 108BMW X2 F39 · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 109BMW X5 E70 · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 110Citroën Berlingo I · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 111Citroën C3 I · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 112Dacia Logan I · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 113Fiat 500 · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 114Fiat Panda III · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 115Fiat Punto III · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 116Fiat Stilo · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 117Ford C-Max I · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 118Ford Fiesta VII · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 119Ford Focus II · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 120Ford Mondeo III · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 121Ford Mondeo IV · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 122Hyundai Tucson IV · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 123Jeep Avenger · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 124Jeep Wrangler JL · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 125Kia Rio III · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 126Kia Sportage V · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 127Mazda CX-3 · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 128Mazda CX-7 · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 129Mercedes-Benz Clase S W222 · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 130Mercedes-Benz CLK C208 · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 131MINI Cooper F56 · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 132MINI Cooper R56 · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 133MINI Countryman F60 · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 134Nissan Note I · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 135Nissan Qashqai I · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 136Opel Corsa E · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 137Opel Insignia A · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 138Opel Meriva B · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 139Opel Mokka B · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 140Opel Zafira A · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 141Opel Zafira Tourer C · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 142Peugeot 108 · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 143Peugeot 208 I · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 144Peugeot 308 I · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 145Peugeot 308 II · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 146Peugeot Partner I · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 147Renault Clio II · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 148Renault Kangoo II · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 149Renault Laguna II · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 150Renault Mégane II · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 151Renault Twingo III · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 152Škoda Fabia I · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 153Suzuki S-Cross I · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 154Toyota Auris I · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 155Toyota GR Supra A90 · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 156Toyota Yaris II · 1 steering fault8.6 out of 10
- Rank 157Toyota Verso · 2 steering faults8.6 out of 10
- Rank 158Alfa Romeo Tonale · 1 steering fault8.9 out of 10
- Rank 159Audi Q5 I · 1 steering fault8.9 out of 10
- Rank 160BMW Serie 5 G30 · 1 steering fault8.9 out of 10
- Rank 161Citroën Berlingo III · 1 steering fault8.9 out of 10
- Rank 162Fiat 500L · 1 steering fault8.9 out of 10
- Rank 163Ford Fiesta VIII · 1 steering fault8.9 out of 10
- Rank 164Iveco Daily VI · 1 steering fault8.9 out of 10
- Rank 165Mercedes-Benz Clase E W213 · 1 steering fault8.9 out of 10
- Rank 166Mercedes-Benz GLA X156 · 1 steering fault8.9 out of 10
- Rank 167MG ZS I · 1 steering fault8.9 out of 10
- Rank 168MINI Cooper F55 · 1 steering fault8.9 out of 10
- Rank 169Opel Mokka A · 1 steering fault8.9 out of 10
- Rank 170Seat Ibiza IV · 1 steering fault8.9 out of 10
- Rank 171Škoda Rapid · 1 steering fault8.9 out of 10
- Rank 172Suzuki Grand Vitara II · 1 steering fault8.9 out of 10
- Rank 173Toyota RAV4 III · 1 steering fault8.9 out of 10
- Rank 174Toyota Yaris III · 1 steering fault8.9 out of 10
- Rank 175Toyota Yaris IV · 1 steering fault8.9 out of 10
- Rank 176Audi A4 B8 · 1 steering fault9.3 out of 10
- Rank 177Dacia Duster I · 1 steering fault9.3 out of 10
- Rank 178Ford S-Max I · 1 steering fault9.3 out of 10
- Rank 179Honda CR-V III · 1 steering fault9.3 out of 10
- Rank 180Mazda 3 I · 1 steering fault9.3 out of 10
- Rank 181Renault Clio III · 1 steering fault9.3 out of 10
- Rank 182Renault Espace V · 1 steering fault9.3 out of 10
- Rank 183Škoda Fabia IV · 1 steering fault9.3 out of 10
- Rank 184Volkswagen up! · 1 steering fault9.3 out of 10
- Rank 185BMW Serie 5 F10 · 1 steering fault9.6 out of 10
- Rank 186Hyundai i40 · 1 steering fault9.6 out of 10
No documented steering faults
We have found no reliable sources reporting steering faults on these cars. That does not mean they never fail: maintenance and use count as much as design.
- Alfa Romeo 147
- Alfa Romeo Giulietta
- Alfa Romeo GT
- Alfa Romeo Stelvio
- Audi A1 I
- Audi A2
- Audi A3 II
- Audi A4 B9
- Audi A5 II
- Audi A6 C6
- Audi A6 C7
- Audi A6 C8
- Audi A7 C7
- Audi A7 C8
- Audi A8 D4
- Audi A8 D5
- Audi e-tron
- Audi Q2
- Audi Q5 II
- Audi Q7 4L
- BMW i4 G26
- BMW iX I20
- BMW Serie 1 F40
- BMW Serie 2 Active Tourer F45
- BMW Serie 2 Active Tourer U06
- BMW Serie 3 E46
- BMW Serie 3 G20
- BMW Serie 4 G22
- BMW Serie 5 E60
- BMW Serie 5 Gran Turismo F07
- BMW Serie 6 F12/F13
- BMW X1 U11
- BMW X3 E83
- BMW X3 G01
- BMW X5 G05
- BMW X6 G06
- BMW X7 G07
- Citroën Berlingo II
- Citroën C-Crosser
- Citroën C-Elysée
- Citroën C1 I
- Citroën C3 II
- Citroën C4 Cactus
- Citroën C4 I
- Citroën C4 II
- Citroën C4 III
- Citroën C4 Picasso II
- Citroën C4 X
- Citroën C5 Aircross
- Citroën C5 II
- Citroën C5 X
- Citroën Jumpy III
- Citroën Xsara Picasso
- Cupra Ateca
- Cupra Born
- Cupra Formentor
- Cupra León
- Dacia Jogger
- Dacia Logan II
- Dacia Logan III
- Dacia Sandero I
- Dacia Sandero III
- Dacia Spring
- DS DS 7 Crossback
- Fiat 500e
- Fiat 500X
- Fiat Doblò II
- Fiat Doblò III
- Fiat Freemont
- Fiat Qubo
- Fiat Scudo III
- Fiat Tipo
- Ford B-Max
- Ford C-Max II
- Ford EcoSport
- Ford Fiesta V
- Ford Focus III
- Ford Focus IV
- Ford Kuga I
- Ford Kuga II
- Ford Kuga III
- Ford Mondeo V
- Ford Mustang Mach-E
- Ford Puma
- Ford S-Max II
- Ford Tourneo Custom
- Ford Transit
- Ford Transit Connect
- Ford Transit Custom
- Ford Transit VI-VII
- Honda Civic IX
- Honda Civic X
- Honda CR-V II
- Honda CR-V IV
- Honda FR-V
- Honda Jazz II
- Hyundai Bayon
- Hyundai Elantra I
- Hyundai i10 II
- Hyundai i20 II
- Hyundai i30 II
- Hyundai i30 III
- Hyundai Ioniq
- Hyundai Ioniq 5
- Hyundai ix35
- Hyundai Kona I
- Hyundai Santa Fe III
- Hyundai Santa Fe IV
- Hyundai Trajet
- Hyundai Tucson I
- Hyundai Tucson III
- Hyundai Veloster
- Jaguar XF X260
- Jaguar XJ X351
- Jeep Compass MP
- Jeep Grand Cherokee WK2
- Jeep Renegade
- Jeep Wrangler JK
- Kia Carens II
- Kia Carens III
- Kia Carens IV
- Kia Ceed I
- Kia Ceed III
- Kia Cerato I
- Kia Niro I
- Kia Optima III
- Kia Optima IV
- Kia Picanto III
- Kia Rio IV
- Kia Sorento III
- Kia Sportage II
- Kia Sportage III
- Kia XCeed
- Lancia Musa
- Lancia Thema II
- Land Rover Defender II
- Land Rover Discovery 3
- Land Rover Discovery 4
- Land Rover Discovery 5
- Land Rover Discovery Sport
- Land Rover Range Rover Evoque I
- Land Rover Range Rover Evoque II
- Land Rover Range Rover Sport II
- Land Rover Range Rover Velar
- Lexus CT
- Lexus IS II
- Lotus Elise S2
- Mazda 2 II
- Mazda 3 II
- Mazda 3 III
- Mazda 3 IV
- Mazda 5 I
- Mazda 6 II
- Mazda 6 III
- Mazda CX-30
- Mazda CX-5 I
- Mazda CX-5 II
- Mazda MX-5 III
- Mazda MX-5 IV
- Mercedes-Benz Citan W415
- Mercedes-Benz Clase A W169
- Mercedes-Benz Clase B W245
- Mercedes-Benz Clase C W203
- Mercedes-Benz Clase E W211
- Mercedes-Benz Clase E W214
- Mercedes-Benz Clase G W463A
- Mercedes-Benz Clase M W164
- Mercedes-Benz Clase R W251
- Mercedes-Benz Clase S W220
- Mercedes-Benz Clase S W223
- Mercedes-Benz CLS C219
- Mercedes-Benz CLS C257
- Mercedes-Benz GLA H247
- Mercedes-Benz GLB X247
- Mercedes-Benz GLE V167
- Mercedes-Benz GLS X167
- Mercedes-Benz SLC R172
- Mercedes-Benz SLK R172
- Mercedes-Benz Sprinter 906
- Mercedes-Benz Sprinter T1N
- Mercedes-Benz Vito W639
- MG MG4
- MINI Countryman R60
- Mitsubishi Lancer
- Mitsubishi Outlander II
- Mitsubishi Outlander III
- Nissan Juke I
- Nissan Juke II
- Nissan Leaf I
- Nissan Leaf II
- Nissan Micra V
- Nissan Navara D23
- Nissan Qashqai II
- Nissan Qashqai III
- Nissan X-Trail III
- Opel Astra J
- Opel Astra L
- Opel Cascada
- Opel Corsa F
- Opel Crossland
- Opel Grandland I
- Opel Insignia B
- Opel Signum
- Opel Vectra C
- Opel Vivaro C
- Opel Zafira B
- Opel Zafira Life
- Peugeot 107
- Peugeot 206
- Peugeot 3008 I
- Peugeot 3008 II
- Peugeot 3008 III
- Peugeot 301
- Peugeot 307
- Peugeot 308 III
- Peugeot 4007
- Peugeot 407
- Peugeot 408
- Peugeot 508 I
- Peugeot 508 II
- Peugeot Expert III
- Peugeot Partner II
- Peugeot Partner III
- Polestar 2
- Porsche Cayenne I
- Porsche Cayenne II
- Porsche Macan I
- Porsche Panamera I
- Porsche Taycan
- Renault Arkana
- Renault Austral
- Renault Captur I
- Renault Captur II
- Renault Clio IV
- Renault Espace VI
- Renault Fluence
- Renault Kadjar
- Renault Kangoo III
- Renault Mégane III
- Renault Mégane IV
- Renault Scénic II
- Renault Scénic III
- Renault Scénic IV
- Renault Talisman
- Renault Twingo II
- Renault Zoe
- Rover 75
- Seat Alhambra II
- Seat Altea
- Seat Arona
- Seat Ibiza III
- Seat Ibiza V
- Seat León I
- Seat León II
- Seat León III
- Seat León IV
- Seat Mii
- Seat Toledo III
- Seat Toledo IV
- Škoda Citigo
- Škoda Elroq
- Škoda Enyaq
- Škoda Fabia II
- Škoda Fabia III
- Škoda Kamiq
- Škoda Karoq
- Škoda Octavia I
- Škoda Octavia II
- Škoda Octavia III
- Škoda Scala
- Škoda Superb I
- Škoda Superb II
- Škoda Superb III
- Škoda Yeti
- Subaru Forester III
- Subaru Forester IV
- Subaru Legacy V
- Subaru Outback V
- Suzuki Ignis
- Suzuki Ignis I
- Suzuki Swift III
- Tesla Model 3
- Tesla Model Y
- Toyota Auris II
- Toyota Aygo X
- Toyota C-HR I
- Toyota Corolla Cross
- Toyota Corolla IX
- Toyota Corolla X
- Toyota Corolla XII
- Toyota Hilux VIII
- Toyota Prius IV
- Toyota ProAce City
- Toyota RAV4 IV
- Toyota RAV4 V
- Toyota Yaris Cross
- Volkswagen Arteon
- Volkswagen Golf IV
- Volkswagen Golf V
- Volkswagen Golf VI
- Volkswagen Golf VIII
- Volkswagen ID.3
- Volkswagen ID.4
- Volkswagen ID.7
- Volkswagen Jetta V
- Volkswagen Jetta VI
- Volkswagen Multivan T7
- Volkswagen Passat B6
- Volkswagen Passat B7
- Volkswagen Passat B8
- Volkswagen Polo IV
- Volkswagen Polo V
- Volkswagen Polo VI
- Volkswagen Sharan II
- Volkswagen T-Cross
- Volkswagen Tiguan I
- Volkswagen Touran I
- Volkswagen Transporter T5
- Volkswagen Transporter T6
- Volvo S40 I
- Volvo S40 II
- Volvo S60 I
- Volvo S60 III
- Volvo S80 I
- Volvo V40 I
- Volvo V40 II
- Volvo V50
- Volvo V60 I
- Volvo V60 II
- Volvo V70 II
- Volvo XC40
- Volvo XC60 I
- Volvo XC60 II
- Volvo XC70 II
- Volvo XC70 III
- Volvo XC90 II